首先,...

Q: You are the chairperson of the school hiking club. Recently there have been several reports of accidents that have happened to people hiking on their own in remote areas.

Write an article for your school newspaper offering advice to students on safety measures that they need to take when they should do in case of an emergency. Give your article an title.

A: [這篇答案來自pilot 參考書.]

Hiking in the picturesque countryside is beneficial to both our mind and souls. Not only can you strengthen your body and willpower, you can also refresh your ind through escaping from the hustle and bustle of the city. Yet, every rose has its thorn. Hiking may cause tragedies if people cannot get hold of the situation. Recently there have been several reports of accidents that have happened to people hiking on their own in remote areas.- getting lost, being hurt by plants, being robbed by illegal immigrants are emergencies frequently encountered by hikers. Yet, if you are adequately equipped and know exactly what to do under such emergencies, you can prevent misfortunes from happening. This article will firstly introduce to you the necessary safety measures to be taken when hiking. Being well-prepared, among all other factors, is the key to a safe trip.

To commence with, you should never go hiking alone. Having companions is more than just having somebody to talk to. You can always discuss with the others when you sense something going wrong. In case of an emergency, your pals can give you a hand. In particular, we recommend you to hike in a group of four or more.

Secondly, you should plan your route properly before you set out. While the sense of achievement of conquering a demanding route is too overwhelming to resist, you should never choose a route which exceeds your competence. Sleeping well the night before is also a means to protect yourself from exhaustion. Before leaving for your trip, you should check again if weather is suitable for hiking. If that happens to be a rainy or foggy day, putting off your trip will be a more sensible decision.

You should also equip yourself with essentials like a mobile phone, a map, a compass, sufficient food and water as well as a first-aid pack. Communication devices are especially crucial as you will need them to stay in touch with others. It is equally important to make sure that there is mobile coverage where you go hiking. You may feel the need to wear short-sleeved shirts and shorts for hiking, but what you should do is just the contrary-long sleeved shirts and trousers should be worn instead to prevent you from being scratched by prickly vegetation and get burnt by the scorching sun. They can also keep you warm even if the temperature drops suddenly. The last thing you should do before you leave your home is to inform your family about your trip. Give a brief account of where you are going and the approximate time of return. Your family can then seek help and inform the police of your whereabouts if you do not return home as scheduled.

Making precautions, pitifully, does not guarantee that emergencies would never happen. What you should do is to acquaint yourself with the skills in coping with contingencies. The first and unbeatable rule is to stay calm. A clear mind is the cornerstone of sensible decisions. You should then call 999 to seek help and give accurate information clearly. Stating where you are is of utmost importance. If there is a distance post nearby, cite its number so that the rescue team can locate you more efficiently While you are waiting for rescue, stay where you are unless your present location is particularly inappropriate, to avoid wasting your energy unnecessarily. In case you are  bleeding, try to stop it as soon as possible with the first aid kit that you bring with you. For other types of injury, especially sprain and joint dislocation, avoid unnecessary movements.

All in all, hiking is fun and you are sure to get the most out of it if you are, mentally and physically, well prepared for accepting the challenge.

English note:
1. get hold of the situation: 查字典話get hold of即是to find someone or obtain something, 我懷疑這篇文章作者用錯字.

2. emergencies : 緊急情況

3. adequately: 香港學生好鍾意用enough表示足夠, 其實英文的enough很多時用係動詞,形容詞和副詞後,例如old enough, warm enough. 我覺得更好的字係用sufficient,和adequate.

4. measures: measures作為措施, 除了用introduce(實施),也可用take作動詞.

5. to commence with: 即to begin with. 在口語, 大部分人都用start, 書面語則用begin較多. 無論口語定書面, commence都係少用的字.

6. set out :set out有幾個解釋. 呢度解「起程」.

7. competence :能力, exceed your competence即超越自己的能力.

8. ...happens to be...: 即 ...碰巧是..., 這裡即「若那天碰巧是雨天或多霧」.

9. put off= delay

10. scratched by prickly vegetation: scratch 係割傷, prickly 係多刺的, vegetation即係plants.

11. scorching sun: 即好熱的sun.

12. of utmost importance= very important

13. contingencies: 我地經常聽到咩"contingency plan", 解緊急應變計劃, 但本身呢個字解意外事件.

14. sprain : 扭傷.

砍伐樹木消滅了樹林.

教中四作文. 一班完全唔識英文的人去作文. 題目係environmental protection. 預計會考/文憑試會出的大路問題係有什麼環保問題和什麼解決辦法。我叫了他們背五個problems和五個ways to reduce pollution.

以下是五個污染問題句子：

1. The air is being polluted by smoke and gases.
2. Fish stocks are being reduced by over-fishing.
3. Seas and oceans are being contaminated by oil spills.
4. Forests are being wiped out by deforestation.
5. Crops are being destroyed by frequent flooding.

只有咁樣當然會低分，無elaboration,無examples. 但好過一個字都寫唔出。至少有些內容。　

如何去記呢？你可以記天氣一個污染, 海水兩個污染, 和陸地兩個污染.

咁解決辦法呢？我叫佢地背呢５個校園環保辦法：

1. Whenever you leave the classroom, remember to turn off the lights.
2. To help save energy, you can also use the stairs instead of the lift. Besides, walking the stairs is good exercise.
3. Some of your rubbish such as empty plastic bottles and cans can be recycled into useful materials so put them in the recycling bins.
4. Also, develop the habit of writing on both sides of paper- you can save many trees by doing this.
5. In addition, learn to save water. Always turn off the tap completely after using it.

呢5句唔係唔易背. 內容上, 可以記慳電X2, 循環再用X1,慳紙, 和慳水. 難在句型. 這5句主要是imperatives,即命令句子. 但第1 句是complex sentence, 第2句不是,但作者加上一些連接詞,如'to help save energy", 和besides. 第三句係complex sentence, 因為後面有so; 第四句係simple sentence,但加了連接詞also,和 by doing this. 最後一句有simple sentence, 只係有in addition 作連接詞, 也有complex sentence,用after using it作independent clause.

普通話將超越英文成為全球語言.

引子：Entering the 21^st century, China has emerged as an economic powerhouse that can rival that of Japan, the United States, and Europe.

Given the rising significance of the Chinese market, …

立場－不可能Putonghua will someday surpass English to become the lingua franca of the world.

in the foreseeable future

That significance has extended over business, trade, culture and other areas.

Meanwhile,

Beyond that,…

…that make it difficult, if not impossible, to assume the role of lingua franca.

And then…

Furthermore,

Yes, ..

it is too difficult for Chinese to overtake English as a global language

旅遊業是香港經濟支柱.

Since its reunification with the Mainland, Hong Kong has faced with many setbacks in its economy.

causes: China's entry to the World Trade Organisation has provided a wide range of challenges and opportunities that lie ahead of Hong Kong.

We should really consolidate our strengths and take full advantage of our strategic location with the Mainland. to excel in the new economy.

Tourism has always been the mainstay of the economy of Hong Kong.

result 1: Following the reform and the opening up in the Mainland, more and more of our compatriots are able to afford to travel abroad.

Hong Kong hosts a lot of tourist attractions that can generate significant revenue for our domestic economy.

We should really tap into these resources and promote more leisure tours for the betterment of our economy.

Treatments such as acupuncture and qichong has received wide acceptance and acclaim among many circles.

2nd result: Hong Kong being a gateway and a springboard to this gigantic economy, ...

Thanks to our cultural and language compatibilities,  we certainly have more advantages over our western competitors to capitalise in on the Mainland market.

countries need to develop their comparative advantages to the fullest extent.

conclusion: We should work hand in hand to come up with innovative ways to create a win-win situation for both regions.

經濟低迷

outline the problem: the economic downturn has plagued the territory since the Asian Financial Crisis.

the territory has experienced one of the severest downturns in history.

unemployment rate has reached record high.

In terms of..., the road before us seems to be as tough as ever.

solution 1: In terms of macro economic means, the government can lower the interest rate.

...in turn will trigger more spending and investment.

...on the one hand, and ..on the other.

When this extra income translates into consumption and investment, there certainly will be more jobs created.

2nd solution: While macro-economic means are important incentives to revitalise our economy, we also need to train a workforce that caters to the new economy.

In order to help new graduates to locate jobs, ...

carrying a good interview,...

conclusion: I am confident we can weather the current economic doldrums and arrive at a brighter future.

偷竊別人旳私隠

介紹:It is a good thing to be in spotlight when you are in the show business.

Tony Leung is one of its kinds just for the fact that he puts so much effort in acting and can impersonate a variety of movie characters.

立場－反對:peek into their privacy.

reporters and photographers should stop intruding their privacy.

第一理據:We all treasure our right to privacy and so do celebrities.

We do not want our privacy to be intruded by some strangers, do we?

Just put ourselves in their shoes.

Cecilia Cheung broke down in public and buried in tears once because she was being followed by reporters and photographers no matter where she goes.

reporters and photographers sometimes go too far to obtain stories about celebrities.

fabricate stories about them.

return privacy to them.

Famous or not, we all treasure our privacy.

自由的前提是不要侵犯別人的自由

introduction: Now that a couple of years into the implementation,...

stance: ...once again demonstrates that there is something we can do about it if we persevere.

main argument: Not only is the health of smokers themselves jeopardized.

cut short our lives

counter argument: They assert that smoking is their private business.

This argument is far from being valid.

>>refutation: The prerequisite of freedom is not to encroach 侵佔 on other people's freedom.

We also have the freedom not to inhale other people's stale 陈腐的； 不新鲜的； 走了味的 cigarette smoke against our will.

second argu: footing the bill for the curing of smoking-related illnesses.

stamp smoking out once and for all.

難以完全消滅一切的賭博

introduction: Every four years, people from all corners of the globe are mesmerised by the Word Cup Soccer.

it is so prevalent in hk that there has been a wide discussion on the controversial issue of whether soccer gambling should be legalised.

stance: it should be legalised. 


counter argument: gambling corrupts the mind and ruins families/

                             should not be encouraged and legalised

                            no matter what form of gambling it is, it may jeopardize the financial well-being of a person and his family.

We have already heard enough family tragedies on the news from the addiction of gambling.

refutation: impossible to eradicate all sorts of gambling

people supporting soccer gambling maintain that gambling in moderation adds excitement in life and provides a channel to ease the pressure of hectic lifestyle.

the most important thing is to help pp not to carry it to the extreme instead of banning it altogether.

2nd argument:  ten of millions of dollars from the proceeds of horse race gambling goes into charities every year.

3rd argument: an additional argu in favor of legalizing soccer gambling is that it can prevent the involvement of triad bookies in soccer gambling.

spawn illegal gambling activities controlled by the underworld.

instead of letting the activity fall into the hands of the triads, the gov should legalize it so as to minimize organised crimes that may engender from the lucrative business of soccer gambling.

conclusion:  putting soccer gambling in a legal framework will be a more sensible way of dealing with the necessary evil and minimizing its detrimental effects.

急流湧退

一般寫法是retire in one's heyday以及step down at the height of one's career

link: http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/supplement/columnist/art/20140402/18675896

我們為這可能構成的不方便致歉.

We apologize for any inconvenience this may cause and appreciate your patience./

We hope this won't cause you any inconvenience

無人才去維持經濟

problem: the birth rate of Hong Kong is now one of the lowerst in the world.

very low fertility rate of 1.28 children per woman- well below the replacement level of 2.1

only 0.8 birth for every woman of childrearing age.

even lower than those countries, like Japan and Singapore, that have made population policy a top priority.

If current trend continues, a quarter of Hong Kong population will be 65 or over by 2031.

shrinking workforce, from around 2017, that will affect Hong Kong's sustainability and competitiveness.

less school population and less human talent 人才 to sustain the economy

few taxpayers when compared with the increasing number of elderly

why: many factors attibutable to the rapid and continuous decline

married couples choose to have fewer chidlren because of the following hurdles

 1. too busy to work
> due to fiancial burden

2. excessive financial burden
>outrageous property price
>Even with the 12 years of free education, parents are still spending considerable sums on outside activities, in particular private tuition, to try to make their children more competitive.
>substain a decent living, most couples need to both work.

3.huge responsibility of child rearing
>raising children involves a lot of sacrifice and commitment

4.unfavourable living environment.

women cannot find a husband dute to limited number of men in Hong Kong

some women choose not to marry:
>women are capable of leading a financially independent life


solution: 
There is no quick fix and no one-size-fits-all policy can break down all the barriers to having babies.

to encourage its citizens to have more children and rasie a large family, one of the effective ways is to offer incentives for doing so.
> tax breaks, tax exemptions
>allowances
> longer maternity and paterntiy leave

employers
> flexible working hours

[conlusion:

rapid decreasing birth rate is worrisome trend that needs to be reckoned with (認真處理) and faced head on迎面地

if the birth rate continue to wane衰落；变暗淡, our human talent pool will thin out and the tax base wil be undermined ]

long-term well being of Hong Kong wil deteriotate

侵佔知識產權很少招致刑事檢控.

reason: 

1. such activities are usually conducted anonymously and it is extremely difficult to trace  the origin of the culprit.

intellectual property rights infringement rarely resulted in criminal prosecution. 



result in 這裡譯招致

result in 中文有很多講法!參:http://www.nciku.cn/search/en/detail/result%20in/2607662]

even if the tracing is technically possible, numerous resources would have to be engaged in such attempts and it would certainly put a heavy burden on the enforcement agencies. 

2. the emergence of BitTorrent and other softwares have facilitated such activities for it expedites tremendously the sharing of huge files, such as those video and audio materials. 

This type of software offers peer to peer communication without going through a server will also help hide the identity of the perpetrator. 

3. as a final point, it is people's inclination of getting free lunch without much risk of getting caught that boosts the illegal sharing of copyrighted materials.

4. people do not regard intellectual property as real property. There is a Chinese saying that goes, "All original works to a certain degree are copies imitations of other people's works."

With this kind of concept in the Chinese mindset, no wonder people have no qualms about copying the works of others without giving them due credits.

effects:

1. jeopardize the very survival of the movie entertainment industry which they derive much pleasure. Revenues from productions will go way down because of infringement activities. Nobody will invest millions of dollars to shoot a move only to find people snatching it for free and not going to theatres or purchasing a copyrighted DVD? 

solutons:

1. stricter enforcement and punishment are absolutely necessary to combat infringement activities 

people who download the copyrighted materials are aware that it is illegal but they seldom encounter prosecution of such crimes.

Although In Hong Kong a few years ago a man was  sentenced to a maximum of four years in prison for sharing files on a BitTorent website, most people can easily get away with it.

2. updating our current laws and legislations would be the most immediate measure.

They were enacted quite some time ago and are outdated. 

For effective enforcement, loopholes need to be plugged and grey areas need to be clarified. 

3. indispensable to reinforce public education. 

The governemt should step up 加強 more awareness campaigns in the media and schools to hit home the message that infringement activities will come full circle to hurt us in the end. 

Only through education at an early age can students be inculcated with the awareness and respect for intellectual property rights. 

see more:

1. Computer HOpe: 

Is file sharing or torrents illegal or legal?http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch001042.htm

2. Intellectual Property Protection

http://www.gov.hk/en/residents/communication/infosec/intproperty.htm

提交法案,確保法律的執行

在剛過去的中七mock exam出了一條題目,係問現在氣候轉變問題惡劣, 請討論問題的迫切性和建議政府約能的措施. 是否中七學生始終視野較窄呢?

問題: Climate change is a global issue that poses a great threat to life on Earth. A lot of organizations have paid great effort to persuade people in different cities to save energy. For example, the World Wide Fund has organized a campaign the participatory cities of which need to switch off the lights for an hour in one day. Write a letter to the editor of Hong Kong Post discussing the urgency of climate change and suggest measures the government can take to conserve energy.

他們提議的措拖很個人, 例如叫公務員用少點冷氣, 政府在電視宣傳用少點電的信息. 只有一兩個同學提出去立訂限制車輛數目, 立例限制廢氣排放, 或要開燈的大廈繳多點稅. 是否他們不懂英語的表達呢?我認為又不是. 是腦筋的部份. 中七學生未有那種成熟度去了解社會的運作.

在寫不到制定政策等意見的學生作文上, 我寫道:

"The main role of the government is to introduce legislation and ensure the enforcement of the law." (政府的主要工作是提交法案及確保法律的執行.)                                                                              

為了

With a view to/ In the hope of/ For the sake of (為了…的緣故)

e.g. In the hope of raising the public awareness of the poor living quality of the poor families, TVB invited celebrities to show the viewers the plight of the underprivileged.

These measures have been taken with a view to increasing [gerund] the company's profits.

In an attempt to/ in an effort to / in a bid to (為了…而嘗試/而努力/而試圖)

e.g In an attempt to make thousands of “health products” disappearing off the shelves, a food-labelling regulation is designed.

In a bid to rebuild the affected areas of the earthquake, we should keep making donatin.

In response to/ In light to/in the light of/ in view of (有見及此)

e.g. In light to people’s excessive use of plastic bags and packaging, everyone must play a part to reduce unnecessary waste. For example, we may make some effort by bringing our own shopping bags and take an initiative in refusing plastic bags from shopkeepers.

In view of the prevalence of violent and obscene materials in the internet, both teachers and parents should devise ways to ensure children’s safety when surfing the internet.

to .., ...

e.g To help save energy, you can also use the stairs instead of the lift. 

In order to...

e.g. In order to save energy, you can use the stairs instead of the lift. 

總而言之

Suffice it to say that ...
只要說…就夠了,一句話,總而言之…

Also written and said more grammatically correct as "suffice it to say" or "(it) suffices to say", this term basically, literally means "it is sufficient to say"  From the word "suffice" which when used as an intrasitive verb like in the example above, means "to meet present needs or requirements; be sufficient".  "Suffice to say" is often deemed an archaic version of the popular saying.

Current: "It suffices to say that my grief is unmatched."  Archaic: "Suffice to say, the trailer park in which that gentleman lives is quite the spacially economical achievement in residential land use."



(souce: http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=suffice%20to%20say)



see also: http://blog.sina.com.tw/english_chen/article.php?pbgid=156318&entryid=615148&comopen=1

你是否願意...

Would you be willing to ...
eg. write a book to be published by our company, expounding on the theme in plain terms for the general reader?

根据今早的电话谈话

Thank you for your prompt reply.

Thank you for your mail.

I am writing to inform you of my dissatisfaction with
....the food and drinks at the 'European Restaurant' on 18 January this year.

I am writing to bring to your attention....
I am writing to bring to your attention a serious issue I had in your establishment last week.

...recommended that I contact you.
My (friend/boss)....(did) sth....He/She recommended that I contact you.

Thank you for taking time from your busy schedule to meet with me next Monday, May 12.

It has been so long that we have not met each other句子
It has been so long that we have not met each other.

As requested, I am sending you ...

I refer to your e-mail dated January 3, 2005 / of January 3, 2005.

Thank you for your enquiry dated...

I am writing to update you on the work under way to ...

Further to ...句式

Further to our telephone conversation this morning I should like to confirm details of the order which we discussed.
接着上午的电话交谈,我想进一步确认这批订货的各项细节。
Further to our telephone conversation of this morning, I am enclosing the formal letter terminating our contract.
根据今早的电话谈话
I am writing from 9 to 6 in Cork, Ireland and further to our telephone conversation I attach a picture with the required sizes.
我正在从爱尔兰的科克9至6写信给你,不久我将会与你进行电话交流。我附上我们所需的尺寸。

請見附件

see: http://forum.wordreference.com/showthread.php?t=331546

Business-writing texts have consistently condemned the phrase Enclosed please find; please find enclosed since the the late 19th century. These are archaic deadwood for here are, enlosed is, I've enclosed, I am enclosing. . . (Garner's Modern American Usage)

As Miss Fit and Winklepicker suggest, the same would be said of attached please find; please find attached.

即是說今日這種句式已經outdated.

奈何仍有很多人用。

但Please find attached應比Attached please find普遍。

例： "Please find attached the profile of Mr.Adhi for a suitable role in your Organisation"

XX有很大的爭議

正如之前所說

As spoken其實是As it was spoken的省略，在英文裏，在一些的連詞下的子句，其主詞it和be(或它的變化形）都可省略，就如：if possible(可以的話）就其實就是if it is possible。

英文公函常見用 As spoke或 As spoken開頭，表示「正如以前說過」，例如： As spoke/ spoken, I would like to seek your approval of the project（今謹如所言，奉函請台端批准計劃）。這兩個說法都正確嗎？ 

As spoke文法上不正確。 As之後可以用過去分詞（ past participle），卻不可用過去式動詞，例如： She was late, as expected（她一如所料，遲到了）。香港英文公函往往錯漏百出，不宜隨便仿效。 

As spoken文法上沒有錯，但不如說 As discussed（正如我們說過）、 As agreed（正如我們議定），例如： As discussed in our telephone conversation of4 April, I would like to seek your approval of the project（四月四日電話承教。今謹奉函請台端批准計劃）。

有些人還會用 We spoke作公函的開端。這文法上當然也沒有錯，但還是不如 as discussed等說法自然。 

link: http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/supplement/columnist/art/20040413/3977947

* * *

古德明以上的說法我不認同，他說as在as spoken中是連接詞，但正如我在http://hongkongvocab.blogspot.hk/2014/05/as_7.html提過, as spoken也可解as was spoken. 

X!

林慧思老師爆粗鬧警察，說了一句What the f**k，引起軒然大波。我實在相當同情佢。

返回正題。我想指出What the f**k這句英文其實不簡單，因為它是一句感歎句句式。

感歎句句式有兩種，其中一種就是What + Noun。例如：What a fool!（一個儍人！） 另外一種是 How (Adjective/adverb)+ Subject+ Verb，例如How badly he behaves! (他表現很差勁！)

而What +Noun這一句的特別之處在於，它沒有動詞。上段提到那一種句式How (Adjective/adverb)+ Subject+ Verb，始於都有一個動詞，但這一種What the f**k 句式，是無動詞的。

我所以說這種句式特別，因為英文句子，幾乎全都有個動詞；即使是最簡單的祈使句，也是一個動詞，例如：Stop!

反而What the fuck這句句式，重點在於「F**k」這個名詞，加上What和article “a”，而沒有任何動詞。

好了，我不是教大家講粗口，而林老師說了一句粗口惹起一大群顛佬批鬥，相信她也會後悔。如果讓她再活一次，她其實可以說：What the hell，或者用諧音：What the heck。Heck是Hell的婉辭 (Ephemism)。（有人說heck是hell和f***的結合，若是這樣，那比F***更加粗俗呢！不過這個說話法似乎無根據。）

撇除粗口，What the + Noun句式也有很多用法，例如：What a shame! (多羞恥！) What a pity! (多可惜！)爵士樂手Louis Armstrong名曲 “What a wonderful world” 便是 「多麼美好的世界」。

英語的句子

最近在看台灣英語補習老師李正凡的《秒殺英文法》，他提出關於作文的方法很新鮮，並且很實用，我想跟大家分享一下。

他認為，中國人寫英文作文，其實是一個翻譯過程，即是將中文意思轉英文。雖然作者是台灣人，但幸好廣東話和國語都是中文，大家都是先用中文想好才用英文寫出。

我之所以覺得他寫個講法很偉大，因為一直以來，很多英文很好的香港作家，例如陶傑，都會教人要用英文思考，才能避免寫出中式英文（Chingish）。多年來都沒有人提出反駁。當我看完李正凡的講法，更肯定根本叫中國人用英文去思考是天方夜譚。

李正凡的方法，正正沒有叫中國人棄用中文思考，因為這根本是我們的母語，無可能不用；要學習的，要學用英文的五大基本句型。

其實這五大基本句型存在已久，中學的教科書可能沒有教，但坊間很多寫作補充練習也有。這五大句型也是我想在這個部落教大家的：

1. Subject+ intransitive verb (S+Vi)，即主語＋不及物動詞

例：He lies. （他說謊。）

2. Subject +transitive verb + object (S+V+O)，即主語＋及物動詞＋受詞，這就是著名的SVO。

例：He put the money on the table. （他把錢放在枱上。）

留意on the table是介詞片語，不算入句型的基本部分。學術的名稱是adjunct或adverbial（狀語或修飾語）。若不明白，我再舉再純粹一點的SVO句型，例如：

He loves me.

只有主詞、動詞，和受詞。

下回繼續。

五大基本句型與中譯英2: S+Vi+SC, S+Vd+ Oi+Od

繼續向大家介紹五大基本句型。

3. Subject+ linking verb + subject complement(S+Vi+SC)，即主詞＋連繫動詞＋主詞補語

什麼是連繫動詞？例子有：is, am,are，即be動詞，或與感官有關的動詞，如look,taste,sound等。連繫動詞即這個動詞即非不及物，因為它要接主詞補語，但也不是及物，因為它接的主詞補詞不是受詞，卻是與一個與主詞有關的名詞或形容詞。

例句：He is my brother. 在這例句中，my brother不是受詞，不是第三者，而是主詞的身份。這個my brother就是主詞補語的一種。

另一種主詞補語，是形容主詞的形容詞，例如：The food tastes good.這個taste是連繫動詞，因為它接著一個形容詞，而這個形容詞good，是修飾The food這個主詞的。

4. Subject+ ditransitive verb+ Indirect Object+Direct Object (S+Vd+ Oi+Od)，即主詞＋雙及物動詞／授與動詞＋間接受詞＋直接受詞

其實這個句型不複雜，只要大家看一句例句便明：

He gave me a gift.

在例句中，gave接著兩個受詞（即賓語），me是間接受詞，a gift是直接受詞，因為gave是給予，給予的東西當然便是直接受詞了，而給予的對象是收禮物的人，因此是a gift是間接受詞。雙及物動詞，一般譯作「雙賓語動詞」，我贊成雙及物這譯法，因為英文真的是ditransitive嘛。

其他ditransitive verb的例子有bring, offer, teach, show,pay, pass等。大家可以網上查，這裡不列舉太多了。

下回再續。

我比較想要煎蛋。

最後一種基本句型是：

5. Subject+ transitive verb+ object+ object complement (S+Vt+O+OC)，即主詞＋及物動詞＋受詞＋受詞補語

這種句型與前述的句型2的分別，只是多了受詞補語(object complement)。

受詞補語，顧名思義是與受詞有關。正如主詞補語是主詞有關的名詞或形容詞，受詞補語是與受詞有關的名詞或形容詞。先看例句1:

I prefer my egg fried. （我比較想要煎蛋。）

這句句子中，I是主詞，prefer是及物動詞，my egg是受詞，而fried是形容my egg的形容詞，即是受詞補語。這是一種。

另一種受詞補語是名詞。例句：We appoint him the president.（我們委任他為主席。）

在這句中，we是主詞，appoint是動詞，him是受詞，而the president就是我們委任他作的身份，即主席。

留意不是所有及物動詞也可以接受詞加受詞補語。

其他會接受詞和受詞補語的動詞有：call (I call him Tommy.), nickname, entitle, dub, elect, make, declare, vote, crown等。很多也與「命名」有關。

只要熟習這五種基本句型，想到任何中文，都用這些句型去造句，那便不會寫出中式英語，反而是十分標準的英文句子呢！

我太太喜歡我送她的生日禮物

第二種必用句型是用關係子句(relative clause)，亦可稱為形容詞子句(adjective clause)。

關係子句就是關係代詞(relative pronoun)作開首的子句。其實一般中學中二便教完關係代名詞。學生若在關係子句的轉化上沒有困難，便可順利用到關係子句在其作文中。通常關係子句的轉化練習是，給學生兩句句子，要求學生利用關係代詞將其中一句轉為關係子句，然後再決定這關係子句是屬於限定性關係子句(defining relative clause)還是非限定性關係子句(non-defining relative clause)。若是後者，便要加逗號。

如果關係子句的關係代詞，是修飾另一句子的受詞(object)，學生便會出現困難。例如：

My wife likes the present.

I gave my wife the present for her birthday.

當將第二句轉化為關係子句時，要將the present 轉為關係代詞which。由於the present在子句中屬於受詞，I才是主詞，因此關係子句變為which I gave my wife for her birthday，整句轉化後的句子便是：My wife likes the present (which) I gave her for her birthday.因為這個關係代詞在子句是受詞，因此可以省略。學生最感困難便是這種句子轉化。

這種關係子句輕易將簡單句子變長成為複雜句(complex sentence)，學生一定要掌握。

我們香港人

第三種作文必用句型是同位語(appositive)。

同位語是跟名詞或代詞後與該名詞或代名詞作補充說明的單詞、短語或從句。同位語與有關的名詞或代名詞有同等的地位。

例：Miss Wong, our English teacher, is wonderful.

在這句句子中，our English teacher即是Miss Wong，our English Teacher是Miss Wong的同位語。

另一例：My father, a policeman, is very strong. （我的父親是個警察，他很健碩。)

      

以上例子中的同位語都是名詞短語（冠詞＋名詞）。事實上也可以只是名詞的同位語，例：We Hongkongers are proud of our freedom.（我們香港人為我們的自由驕傲。）

通常代詞後的名詞同位語不必以逗號隔開。

同位語除了可以是名詞或名詞詞組，也可以是名詞子句（noun clause）。所謂名詞子句，即在完整句子前加一個that、if/whether或wh-word所形成，例如：That you are late annoys me.（你遲到激怒了我。）這種that子句，經常是加在一些名字後成為同位語。例：

He tried to conceal the fact that he was not rich. (他企圖隱藏他根本不有錢的事實。)

Fact是經常接that子句作同位語的名詞，另外還有fact, truth, evidence, proof, law, statement, explanation, apology, excuse, suggestion, advice, promise, opinion, notion, theory, view, conclusion, decision, news, report, rumor, saying, idea, thought, belief, doubt, knowledge, generalization, possibility, likelihood, probability, danger, difference等等。

成王敗寇

e.g. Just as the saying goes: "No garden is without weeds", computer games have also some disadvantages.

As the proverbs goes: "Every coin has two sides", television has both advantages and disadvantages.

1. A good beginning is half done./well begun is half done好的開始是成功的一半.

2. A good medicine tastes bitter. 苦口良藥/ Good advice hurts. 忠言逆耳

3. A leopard cannot change its spot. 本性難移

4. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.

5. A rolling stone gathers no moss.

7. Against all odds.

9. All good things must come to an end.

10. All road lead to Rome.

11. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

12. Beauty is only skin deep. 

13. Blood is thicker than water.

14. Don't put all your eggs in one basket.

15. Don't count your chickens before they are hatched. 切莫过于乐观

16. Doing harm with the best of intentions好心做壞事

17. Don't judge a book by its cover.

18. Failure is the mother of success.

20. Knowledge is power.

21. Look before you leap./Think thrice before we leap.

22. Make hay while the sun shines.

23. Money is the root of all evils.

24. Money makes the world go around.

25. Better late than never.

26. Better early than late.

27. Virtue and trade are the best portion for children.

28. Early birds catch worms

29. Every coin has its two sides. /No garden is without weeds./ Every rose has its thron.[有利必有弊]

30. Every one is born equal.

31. Every rose has its thron.
32. Good things stay indoors while bad things will go far away./Ill news travels fast.

33. Gossip is a fearing thing.人言可畏。

34. He who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl.近朱者赤，近墨者黑。

35. Where there is a will, there is a way.

36. a friend in need is a friend inneed.患難見真情。

37. Every little makes a nickel.積少成多。
38. Example is better than precept.言傳不如身教。/Actions speak louder than words.事實勝於雄辯/Lead by example

39. No pains , no gains.

40. Throw the baby out with the bath water.把洗澡水連同嬰兒一起倒掉。

41. One man's meat is another man 's poison./All bread is not baked in one oven./Every man has his liking.人各有所好。

42. It is good to learn at another man's cost.前車之鑒。

43. The onlooker sees the game best.旁觀者清。

44. Variety is the spice of life.

45. It is a two-adged sword.它是雙刃劍。

46. Life is irreversible.

47. You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make it drink

48. One picture is worth ten thousand words

49.A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step

50. A problem shared is a problem halved

51. A prophet is not recognized in his own land

52. Absolute power corrupts absolutely

53. An apple a day keeps the doctor away

54. Prevention is better than cure.

55. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder

56. Behind every great man there's a great woman

57. Better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all

58. Comparisons are odious

59. Do as you would be done by
60. Don't bite the hand that feeds you
61. Don't try to walk before you can crawl
62. Enough is enough

63. Every dark cloud has a silver lining

64. Failing to plan is planning to fail/ If a job is worth doing it is worth doing well
65. Faith will move mountains

66. Familiarity breeds contempt
67. Forewarned is forearmed

68. Fortune favours the brave

69. God helps those who help themselves

70. Great minds think alike
71. Haste makes waste

72. He who lives by the sword shall die by the sword

73 .Hindsight is always twenty-twenty (馬後炮)

74.  History repeats itself

75. If life deals you lemons, make lemonade

76. It takes a thief to catch a thief以其人之道還治其人之身

77. It's better to give than to receive

78. It's never too late

79. Jack of all trades, master of none  週身刀，無張利

80. Keep your chin up

81. Laughter is the best medicine

82. Let bygones be bygones

83. Let not the sun go down on your wrath

84. Life begins at forty四十不惑

85. Like father, like son 虎父無犬子

86. No man is an island
87. No one can make you feel inferior without your consent

88. Practice makes perfect

89. Procrastination is the thief of time
90.Rome wasn't built in a day
91. Spare the rod and spoil the child

92. The darkest hour is just before the dawn
93. The ends justify the means 成王敗寇

94. The pen is mightier than sword

95. To err is human, to forgive divine

96. The best defence is a good offence先下手為強

97. Two heads are better than one

98. To turn over a new leaf

99. All good things come to an end. 花無百日紅

100. Let the dead bury the dead. 節哀順變

101. When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

102. What is done cannot be undone. 覆水難收

103. A burnt child dreads fire.

104. Whom the Gods love die young. 天妒英才

105. The good is the enemy of the best.

106. The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence.

107. Many hands make light work.

108. Like master, like man.

109. Misfortunes never comes singly.

110. Strike while the iron is hot.

111. When the wine is in, the wit is out.

112. Necessity breeds invention

剛剛..就...

hardly...when, hardly...before, hardly...than?

你該說 "hardly...when"，"hardly...before" 還是 "hardly...than" 呢?

hardly, barely 和 scarcely 有時被用來表示一件事緊接另一件事之後發生，即「剛剛...就」的意思。但你是說 -- 舉例而言 -- "He had hardly sat down when the phone ran."，"He had hardly sat down before the phone rang." 還是 "He had hardly sat downthan the phone rang." 呢?(他剛剛坐下，電話就響了。)

例句：

He had hardly settled into his office when Irana came in. (小說) Carter had hardly left Teheran before demonstrations began in the holy city of Qom. (一本有關伊朗的書籍) Hardly had Mr Gorbachov stopped speaking than he was faced with a dramatic new challenge to his position. (電台報導)

傳統的論點是，在這類句子中應該使用 when 或 before。than 被視為不正確。

證據：

在英國一本著名的字典中，"when" 出現在 "hardly", "barely", 或 "scarcely" 之後的次數是212次，"before" 130次，"than" 54次。"than" 幾乎都是出現在副詞挪到最前面，其後緊接著助動詞的倒裝句中 (例如："Hardly had he sat down than the phone rang.")。

建議：

你可以在"hardly", "barely", 或 "scarcely" 之後使用 when 或 before 來表示一件事緊接另一件事之後發生：

He had hardly settled into his new job when he got the sack due to cutbacks. (雜誌的文章) He had hardly settled in Cardiff before he was called to Rome to take part in the Second Vatican Council. (訃聞) Barely had I set foot in the street when I realised I was lost. (短篇小說) Barely had he disappeared down the tunnel before his side drew level. (足球比賽的報導) I'd scarcely had time to have the glass replaced when someone broke in again.(報紙的文章) She had scarcely got downstairs before she heard the smash of glass and the clang of a bucket falling. (小說)

你也可以在 "hardly", "barely", 或 "scarcely" 的後面使用than，倘若你將其中一個副詞 置於句首，其後接助動詞再接主詞：

Hardly had this process got under way than everything was changed. (雜誌的文章) Barely had his parachute opened than the plane exploded into a ball of fire. (報紙的文章) Scarcely had I arrived in the capital than my hopes received a boost. (報紙的文章) Link: http://www.cybertranslator.idv.tw/wordwatch/wordwatch1.htm#hardly when