hereinafter

hereafter adverb

此後，今後

hitherto

 until now or until a particular time

迄今為止；到（某時）為止

Mira revealed hitherto unsuspected talents on the cricket pitch.

時至今日，米拉已經顯示出他在板球投球方面潛藏的非凡才能。

adverbs 和adverbial 有何分別??

• "Adverbs and adverbials are similar but not the same. Though they share the same modifying function, their characters are different. An adverbial is asentence element or functional category. It is a part of a sentence that performs a certain function. An adverb, on the other hand, is a type of word or part of speech. We can say that an adverb may serve as an adverbial, but an adverbial is not necessarily an adverb."
  (M. Strumpf and A. Douglas, The Grammar Bible. Owl, 2004)

http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/adverbialterm.htm

What are adverbials?

ＢＢＣ的解釋：

adverbials answer questions such as:

Where?	When?	How?	Why?
How often?	How long?	How much?

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/learnit/learnitv279.shtml


WIkipedia 的解釋:

In grammar an adverbial is a word (an adverb) or a group of words (an adverbial phrase or an adverbial clause) that modifies or tells us something about the sentence or theverb. (The word adverbial itself is also used as an adjective, meaning "having the same function as an adverb".) Look at the examples below:

Danny speaks fluently. (telling more about the verb)

Lorna ate breakfast yesterday morning. (telling when the verb's action occurred)

The form of adverbials[edit]

In English, adverbials most commonly take the form of adverbs, adverb phrases, temporal noun phrases or prepositional phrases. Many types of adverbials (for instance reason and condition) are often expressed by clauses.

James answered immediately. (adverb)

James answered in English. (prepositional phrase)

James answered this morning. (noun phrase)

James answered in English because he had a foreign visitor. (adverbial clause)

An adverbial is a construction that modifies, or describes, verbs. When an adverbial modifies a verb, it changes the meaning of that verb. Word groups that are also considered to be adverbials can also modify verbs: for example, a prepositional phrase, a noun phrase, a finite clause or a non-finite clause.^[1]

In every sentence pattern, the adverbial is a clause element that tells where, when, why, or how. There can be more than one adverbial in a sentence. In addition, the same adverbial can be moved to different positions in a sentence.

One way to analyze sentence structure is to think in terms of form and function. Form refers to a word class—such as noun, verb, adjective, adverb, and preposition—as well as types of phrases, such as prepositional phrase, nominal clause, and adverbial clause. Function refers to the function of the form in a sentence. For example, the function of a prepositional phrase in a sentence may be adverbial; that is, it modifies a verb.

Types of adverbials that form sentence elements[edit]

Adverbials are typically divided into four classes:

adverbial complements (i.e. obligatory adverbial) are adverbials that render a sentence ungrammatical and meaningless if removed.

John put the flowers in a vase.

adjuncts: these are part of the core meaning of the sentence, but if omitted still leave a meaningful sentence.

John and Sophia helped me with my homework.

conjuncts: these link two sentences together.

John helped so I was, therefore, able to do my homework.

disjuncts: these make comments on the meaning of the rest of the sentence.

Surprisingly, he passed all of his exams.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbial

further

1 as a verb
 to develop or make progres in something改進；推進；增進He has probably done more to further the cause of interracial harmony than any otherperson.在推進種族和諧方面他可能比其他人做的都要多。Additional training is probably the best way to further your career these days.如今額外的訓練可能是推進你事業發展的最佳途徑。
2.as an adverb
 comparative of far; to a greater distance or degree; at a more advanced level（far 的比較級）更遠地，在更大程度上；進一步地I'm afraid I never got further than the first five pages of 'Ulysses'.恐怕我看《尤利西斯》從未超過開頭的五頁，之後就看不下去了。We discussed the problem but we didn't get much further in actually solving it.我們討論了這個問題，但在實際解決方面沒有取得多大進展。The whole matter is further complicated by the fact that Amanda and Jo refuse tospeak to each other.阿曼達和喬彼此拒絕說話，使得整個事件更加複雜了。Every day she sinks further and further into depression.她一天天地消沈下去。

the9 the best/ best, most

the9
the best/ best
【问】 His work is th e best . His work is b est .哪个用法正确? 我们班上同学对此争论
不休。

【答】 首先应当明确, 这两个用法都是正确的。至于带定冠词的用法与不带定冠词的用
法在意义上有无区别, 则语言学家们的解释是不尽相同的。R .Qui rk 等人认为这两种用法并没有区别。他们说:“如果形容词不起定语作用, the 就可有可无”:

1. Anna is ( th e ) youngest ( of all ) . 安娜是最年轻的。

2. Della is ( the ) mos t efficient ( of all ) .(CGEL) 德拉是最有能力的。

他们同时指出, 当形容词表示评价性意思时, 如果most 结构不带定指限定词, 则意
义总是含糊不清的, 既可以理解为最高级, 也可以理解为强化语( 参见most) :

Della is mo st eff icie nt .( th e most e ff icie nt of al l 或ext r emely efficient )

A .S .H ornby 则认为这两种用法在表达上有细微的差别。他说:“ 用定冠词可使该
句中的意思更直接, 更准确。如果说His work is b est .我们只是把他的工作和其他人的工作一并考虑。如果说His work is the b est .我们则是把他的工作从他与其他人的工作中挑选出来。”

1. We lik e him the best of a ll .(Ch amb er s )
所有的人之中我们最喜欢他。

2. T he p er son who wor ks the har d est s hould r eceive th e gr eat est r ewa rd .( Wood)
工作最努力的人应该获得最高的报酬。

3. Which of these f lower s do you lik e the best ? (Wood )
这些花你最喜欢哪一朵?

most

【问】 Th e police h ad a di ff icul t time , but t hey we r e most amuse d . ( New Concep t
Engl ish , Book 2 , L .65 )


most 在这里是构成形容词的最高级吗?

【答】 most 除了用于构成形容词和副词的最高级之外, 还可以用作形容词和副词的加强语, 其语义相当于“ v ery”或“ ext r emely”(“ 很”、“极其”) 。例如:

1 . ecognizing who th e c ustomer was , t he ma na ge r was most apolog et ic a nd
r ep rima nd ed the as sista nt sev er ely .( New Conce pt En gl ish , Book 3 , L .31)
经理认出顾客是谁, 表示非常抱歉, 并狠狠地斥责了店员。
2 . hey h ave b een most kind to me .(Be nne t )
他们对我很好。

常常

More often than not

As such 兩個意思

一個是「作為如此」

He is a brilliant man and is recognised as such.

也可譯「本身」

Money as such will seldom bring happiness.

另外，也解「因此」
He is my father and as such can tell me what to do.

whatsoever

whatsoever點解？

whatsoever即whatever, 但除whatever一般用法外，還有自己另一個用法，意思是at all（根本），但用在否定句子後：

He has no respect for authority whatsoever.

They received no help whatever.

from overseas

問:"Overseas", as far as I am concerned, is an adjective or an adverb. If "from overseas" is a correct phrase, why is it grammatical? "From" is a preposition, and it should be followed by a noun, not an adjective, nor an adverb.

有人答:overseas could also means countries or territories across the sea or ocean.http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/overseas


參：http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/168652/why-is-from-overseas-grammatical?noredirect=1#comment350768_168652


我說:

Preposition is by definition followed by nouns only

但其實, 在from overseas, overseas 是副詞. 即使勉強說overseas是名詞,那from here又怎樣? over here呢?

根本以下這些都是介詞+副詞: from here, in there , over there, at once , until now , since when , at last , in brief , before long , by far

它們均是fixed expressions.

scantily clad

scantily clad, dressed, etc.› wearing very little clothing:scantily clad dancersscant·y  (skăn′tē)

adj. scant·i·er, scant·i·est

1. Barely sufficient or adequate.

2. Insufficient, as in extent or degree.

---

scant′i·ly adv.

scant′i·ness n.

連續兩年

for two consecutive years

http://dict.cn/two%20consecutive%20years

基本上同意

e.g Personally, I fundamentally agree with their assertion-for three reasons.

雖然,...但是

Admittedly, gender inequality was a highly controversial issue in the twentieth century. However, now twelve years into the new millennium, women can learn and teach, work and supervise, vote and voted in most countries just like men. 

剛剛..就...

hardly...when, hardly...before, hardly...than?

你該說 "hardly...when"，"hardly...before" 還是 "hardly...than" 呢?

hardly, barely 和 scarcely 有時被用來表示一件事緊接另一件事之後發生，即「剛剛...就」的意思。但你是說 -- 舉例而言 -- "He had hardly sat down when the phone ran."，"He had hardly sat down before the phone rang." 還是 "He had hardly sat downthan the phone rang." 呢?(他剛剛坐下，電話就響了。)

例句：

He had hardly settled into his office when Irana came in. (小說) Carter had hardly left Teheran before demonstrations began in the holy city of Qom. (一本有關伊朗的書籍) Hardly had Mr Gorbachov stopped speaking than he was faced with a dramatic new challenge to his position. (電台報導)

傳統的論點是，在這類句子中應該使用 when 或 before。than 被視為不正確。

證據：

在英國一本著名的字典中，"when" 出現在 "hardly", "barely", 或 "scarcely" 之後的次數是212次，"before" 130次，"than" 54次。"than" 幾乎都是出現在副詞挪到最前面，其後緊接著助動詞的倒裝句中 (例如："Hardly had he sat down than the phone rang.")。

建議：

你可以在"hardly", "barely", 或 "scarcely" 之後使用 when 或 before 來表示一件事緊接另一件事之後發生：

He had hardly settled into his new job when he got the sack due to cutbacks. (雜誌的文章) He had hardly settled in Cardiff before he was called to Rome to take part in the Second Vatican Council. (訃聞) Barely had I set foot in the street when I realised I was lost. (短篇小說) Barely had he disappeared down the tunnel before his side drew level. (足球比賽的報導) I'd scarcely had time to have the glass replaced when someone broke in again.(報紙的文章) She had scarcely got downstairs before she heard the smash of glass and the clang of a bucket falling. (小說)

你也可以在 "hardly", "barely", 或 "scarcely" 的後面使用than，倘若你將其中一個副詞 置於句首，其後接助動詞再接主詞：

Hardly had this process got under way than everything was changed. (雜誌的文章) Barely had his parachute opened than the plane exploded into a ball of fire. (報紙的文章) Scarcely had I arrived in the capital than my hopes received a boost. (報紙的文章) Link: http://www.cybertranslator.idv.tw/wordwatch/wordwatch1.htm#hardly when

正視, 直接地面對

adv.直角地，笔直地； 规规矩矩地，公正地； 干脆地； 成方形

网 络

ADV 直截了当地;不回避地 If you face something squarely, you face it directly, without trying to avoid it.  

The management committee have faced the situation squarely... 

管理委员会直面当前形势。

We have to drop our pretences and look squarely at schooling as it really is. 

我们必须抛开一切伪装，正视学校教育的真实情况。

僅僅勝出

 narrowly She narrowly won the first race

衷心推薦

| heartily | personally Consult a solicitor who is personally recommended to you.

然後

http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/supplement/columnist/%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%B7%E6%98%8E/art/20131211/18545133

問：劍橋英文詞典The Cambridge International Dictionary of English有以下例句：Let me finish this job, then we'll go（待我做完這工作，然後我們一起去吧）。但then是副詞（adverb），怎麼可以接連兩個子句（clause）？有網站說then是連接詞（conjunction），對嗎？

答：論文法，then（然後）可稱為「連接副詞」（conjunctive adverb）。連接副詞語氣上接連上下兩個子句，但卻不能像and、or、but等正式連接詞一樣，把子句接連起來。英語學者William Strunk的寫作指南The Elements of Style第一章就談到這一點：If the second clause is preceded by an adverb, such as"accordingly","besides","then","therefore", or"thus", and not by a conjunction, the semicolon is still required（第二子句假如是以accordingly、besides、then、therefore、thus等副詞起句，而不是用連接詞起句，句前仍然應用分號）。所以，嚴格而言，劍橋詞典那一句then之前的逗號，應改為分號；假如逗號不改，則then之前應加連接詞and。第二版《朗文當代高級英漢雙解詞典》then字條下例句可供參考：Let's go for a drink and then go home（我們去喝一杯，然後回家）。
劍橋詞典那一句，文法上犯了「逗點連接」（comma splice）錯誤，只是這錯誤十分常見，一般人往往不會理會。學習英語者，則當然還是嚴守正規文法為宜。 

敬請幫忙

source 1: 古大師的答案有點模稜兩可

http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/supplement/columnist/%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%B7%E6%98%8E/art/20120505/16308247

問：香港常見 Please kindly help to...（敬請幫忙……）這說法，但有人說正式英文不會用 kindly一字說「請」，對嗎？

答： Kindly作副詞（ adverb），除了解作「和譪地」或「仁厚地」，也可解作「請」。第二版《朗文當代高級英文辭典》就有以下例句： Kindly put it back（請把它放回原處）。由於 please、 kindly都有「請」的意思，兩字不宜並用。

但 kindly語氣上和 please不同。英語學者 John Bremner在 Words on Words書中指出："Kindly" is stronger and more formal than"please" and tends to connote the idea of"Do this- or else"（ Kindly語氣較 please強，也較為正式，常帶「你必須這樣做，否則──」含義）。比如說，你在工作，遭人不斷在旁騷擾，不勝其煩，就可以說： Kindly remove yourself from my presence（請你不要再在我跟前）。這一句的 kindly，帶點諷刺、命令口吻。

正因 kindly和 please語氣不同，要表示客氣的「請」，宜用 please來說，例如： Would/ Could you please post this letter for me?/ Please post this letter for me（請代我把這封信寄出好嗎）。

留意 kindly也可作形容詞，是少數以 ly結尾的形容詞之一，例如： A kindly neighbour took care of him when he was sick（他生病時，獲一位善心的鄰人照顧）。—古德明

source 2: English Language Forum認為兩字的功能不同

http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/1632/is-the-phrase-please-kindly-redundant

Strictly speaking, "please" and "kindly" do serve separate purposes. I can demand that you kindly do a certain task:

Kindly apologize to your mother

The intent is to dictate how you should apologize. Prepending "please" is me politely asking you to do something:

Please apologize to your mother

Combining them signifies that I am being polite and you should be polite:

Please kindly apologize to your mother

In the context of office chatter, I would interpret the original intent of the phrase to mean, "I am asking nicely; don't give me attitude." As it is now bordering on a cliché, I highly doubt anyone is putting much thought into the phrase or its meaning and they are simply being polite.

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answered Apr 4 '11 at 19:07