Appositive § Appositive

什麼是同位語 Appositive？

通常放在名詞或代名詞後面，用來對該名詞或代名詞作補充說明的

單詞、短語或從句。同位語與有關的名詞或代名詞有同等的地位。 

例如：

  This man, a lawyer, lives near my house.

  We, young people, should do our duties.

  Do you betray Mr. Morgan, your bosom friend?

  I bought a dictionary, a red-covered one.

  I cannot see my grandfather again, a regretful thing.

  * "regretful thing" 是前面整個句子的同位語。

  The news, that Mr. Wilson has come to Hong Kong, is untrue.

  Let us three go together.

  * "three" 是同位語。一般為了眉目清楚，同位語與先前的名詞或代名詞

    多用逗號隔開，但有時為了語氣銜暢，則可不用逗號隔開。

  The story that he is in love with her is going round.

  * "that he is in love with her" 是同位語。若無需特別彰顯同位語的

    意思，亦可不用逗號隔開。

練習

翻譯：

1. 李先生，一位名醫，時常幫助窮人。

2. 這本書，一本英文字典，價錢太貴了。

3. 他將送給我一隻貓，黑白相間的。

4. 他不能升學，一件遺憾的事。

5. 那消息，約翰與瑪麗已結婚，是不真確的。

6. 他的話，人生如夢，是真的。

7. 他，一個懶惰的孩子，為什麼應被讚許？

8. 我用了二十元買一本書，陳先生撰寫的。

9. 約翰，湯姆的好友，是一個商人。

10. 瑪麗，我的妹妹，有一部新車。

entry requirement

入讀條件

authority accrediting its degree programmes; the entryrequirements to the course; and the content and duration of the course. 

評審工作會按個別情況進行，我 們會考慮到有關學院的㆞位、其 學位課程評審機構的㆞位、課程 的入讀 條件， 以及課程的內容和長短。 

well equipped to cope with

[...] institutions on an on-going basis to strengthen employees’ all round skills and knowledge, aiming to well equip them to cope with the Group’s development in the ever-changing economy.

本集團經常進行多類持續性的內部培訓，以增強僱員各方面之 技能和知識，為共同與本集團於瞬息萬變之經濟環境中發 展作好充 分準備。 

contribute to

推動

作出貢獻

furnish sb with sth

to provide someone with something

向（某人）提供

Furnished with a compass and sandwiches, they set off for a day's hiking.

他們帶著羅盤和三明治開始了一天的徒步旅行。

make full use of

充份利用

have + sth + pp 句式

here are at least two different constructions involved here.

1. You can cause someone to do something:

I will have the mechanic look at my car.
I will have John come to see you tomorrow

This is a little formal.

2. You can cause something to be done.

I will have my car repaired.
I will have the matter looked into.


3. You can express the idea that you will not tolerate something.

I will not have dogs digging up my garden.
I won't have you smoking at your age.

source: http://www.usingenglish.com/forum/ask-teacher/134762-having-somebody-do-doing-something.html

描金的福建漆盤子裡還放著當天的報

倒裝句2: Ahead sat an old man.　（位置副詞＋動詞＋主詞）

中文句子基本上沒有被動句，當然是有「被」的句子，但中文的動詞沒有英文的動詞那樣，主動被動分得清清楚楚。例如，「那邊種了一棵樹」，「種」如果譯成英文一定是被動:A tree was planted there，但中文卻不會說「那邊被種了一棵樹」。中英文中的主詞都沒有提及，但中文卻不會刻意將動詞加上「被」。

這一種動詞實際是被動的中文句子，譯成英文時有四種譯法。倒裝句是其中一種。

讓我以這句做例子：描金的福建漆盤子裡還放著當天的報。

第一種譯法：用被動句。即成：The morning newspaper was put on the gilded Fujian lacquer tray.這是最見的譯法。

第二種：用There is句式─There is the morning newspaper on the gilded Fujian lacquer tray.

第三種：用倒裝，即是：On the gilded Fujian lacquer lay the morning newspaper. lay是lie的過去式，是主動動詞，直譯是：當天的報躺在描金的福建漆盤子裡。

第四種是補上主語：One has put the morning newspaper on the gilded Fujian lacquer tray.

其他可用此種倒裝句的動詞包括：climb, come, fly, go, lie, run, sit, stand等。

正如我們同意了的,...

例句: AS AGREED,WE ISSUE THE DRAFT TO YOU NOW.

介词后接过去分词作宾语的用法非常少见，主要见于某些固定搭配或特殊结构，比如当as表示“当作”“按照”时，就可后接某些过去分词。如：

We can’t regard the matter as settled. 我们不能认为这事已经解决。

I finished the work as requested. 我按要求完成了工作。

He had failed to visit her as promised. 他没有按他的诺言来看望她。

Not all of them had gone well, and fewer still had gone as planned. 并非所有的事情都进展顺利，按计划进行的则更少。

Owing to the rain the garden party did not take place as advertised. 由于下雨，游园会没有按照广告说的时间举行。

【注】有的介词后接过去分词，实际上是由从属连接所引导的从句省略“主语和动词be”后所导致的结果：

Leave in oven until cooked. 放在烤箱里一直到烤熟。（可视为在as后省略了it is）

It usually happens as described above. 情况通常就像上面描述的那样发生了。（可视为在as后省略了it is）

Source: http://www.yygrammar.com/Article/201106/2329.html

中英被動句

英語的被動句很有趣。很多中文句子雖然沒有「被」這個字，但實際是被動句，因此譯成英文的被動式。

例如：這間學校將於今年年底建成。譯成英文是：The construction of the school will be completed by the end of this year.

又或：請全體職員下午2時在會議室集合。譯成英文是：All staff are requested to meet in the conference room at 2 p.m.

從以上例句看到，其實中文不是沒有被動句，只是不是時常有被動標記，如「被」、「遭」、「給」等。

反而，中文常常也用沒有被動標記的被動句，而且有很多慣用語，如：

「應該說」，譯成英文是：It should be said that…

「很明顯」是：It is obvious that…

「普遍認為」是：It is generally agreed that…

「大家知道」是：It is well known that…

「必須指出」是：It should be pointed out that…

「必須承認」是：It should be admitted that….

「無可否認」是：It should not be denied that…

「可以肯定」是：It can be confirmed that…

「由此可見」是：It can be seen that…

「人們希望」是：It is hoped that…

大家可以看到，英文譯為被動句的，中文都沒有被動標記。

英文被動句譯做中文主動句

The car is selling badly.

這車子賣得很差。

The stadium filled rapidly.

體育館很快就擠滿了。

I was born in Hong Kong.

我在香港出世。

The vegetables are all cut up.

蔬菜已經切好了。

The car was given to my wife.

那車給了我妻子。

有被動意思的英語主動句

grow from strength to strength

growing from strength to strength

不断发 展壮大

give prominence to

 The Economic and Social Council recommends that the General Assembly should also give more prominence to its annual agenda item entitled ‘Follow-up to and implementation of the outcome of the[...] 

理事会建议大会还应进一步注重‘2002 年发展筹资问题国际会议 成果的后续行动和执行情况以及 2008 年审查会议的筹备情况’的年度议程 项目。

adverbial fronting2

adverbial fronting2

 【问】 (a) On the tree there were some very large oranges .
( b) On th e tree w ere some ver y lar ge orang es .
我知道句(b)也是正确的 , 因为 地点状语位于句首为主谓倒 装提供了条件 , 如 同
th ere 为主谓 倒装 提供了 条件 一 样。 但 是 , 这 两 种 句型 究 竟 有 什么 区 别 , 却 是 一 个
困惑了我很久的问题。

 【答】 这也是困惑了我很久的一个问题。幸运的是, 现代语言家们已对此作了透彻的阐
述。他们认为句(a)和句(b)在句意上非常相似。区别仅仅在于 : 句(a)中的动词常常具
有 chanced to, happened to 的含义 ,因而主语大都是无定的。而句(b)中充当主语的名词
短语比较具体明确 , 有时表示意料中的事, 因而对名词的有定性或无定性较少限制。在
一份英语用法调查中, 在句型(b)中有定性名词充当主语的例句甚至超过了无定性名词
充当主语的例句。

1.

( a) In th e gard en there was a sun dial .
stood
( b) In th e gard en was a sundial .( CGE L )
stood
在花园里有一个日晷仪。

2. In th e gard en la y

Joan
his f ather
the ol d la d y

( fast asleep ) .( CG E L )
花园中躺着琼/ 他的父亲/ 老太太(在熟睡)。

3. In th e doorwa y stood m y brother .
门口站着我的哥哥。

4. Und er a tree was sitting one o f th e bigg est men I hav e ever seen .( PE U )
树下坐着一个我所见到过的最大个儿的男人。

5. O n th e b ed la y a beauti f ul young girl . ( PE U )

allow for sth

allow for sth

— phrasal verb with allow /əˈlaʊ/ verb

› to consider something when you are planning something

顧及，考慮到；為…留出餘地

We allowed for living expenses of £20 a day.

我們每天給自己留出20英鎊的生活費用。

[+ -ing verb] You should allow for the plane being delayed.

你應該考慮到飛機延誤怎麼辦。

We have to allow for the possibility that we might not finish on schedule.

我們必須考慮到我們有可能不能按時完成。

in the view of ...認為

Furthermore, in the view of the Advisory Committee, greater attention should be given to cooperation and collaboration with [...]

此外咨询 委员会认为，应更多地注意与联合 国各机构、基金和方案的合作和协 作，包括进行可能的分摊成本安排，以及利用各会员国提供的自愿支 助。

prima facie

 /ˌpraɪ.məˈfeɪ.ʃi/ 

at first sight (= based on what seems to be the truth when first seen or heard)

初步認定的；建立在初次印象上的

There is prima facie evidence that he was involved in the fraud.

有初步證據證明他參與了這場騙局。

For millions of Americans witnessing the event, it was a prima facie case of policebrutality.

對於目睹了這宗事件的數百萬美國人來說，乍看這是一宗員警施暴案件。

prima facie evidence. 

Frankly speaking, our decision to assist a victim is always based on prima facie evidence. 

其實，我們都是基 於認為苦主的表面證據成 立才提出協助。

in accordance with

The plug must be plugged into an outlet that is properly installed and grounded in accordance with all local codes and ordinances.

必须将该插头插入按照当地规定和要求正确安装并接地的电 源插座上。

circumvent

繞過

for a specified period of time

在指明期間內

令...出現

put ...in place or

put in place......

 put in place measures to achieve equality between men and women.


并采 取措 施 实现 男女平 等。 

在適當時候

in due course

經證實的

substantiated

adverbial fronting( 句首状语) 1

adverbial fronting( 句首状语) 1
【问】 1.
( a ) H e t r av elled a grea t deal a nd eve ntual ly set t led dow n
in Aust ral ia .
( b) In Aust ralia , he t ra velle d a gr eat dea l and ev entu ally
se t tle d down .
2.
( a ) She saw my brothe r in the gar de n .
( b) In the g ar den , s he saw my brothe r .
请解释状语提前的原因。

【答】 我国英语学界目前对状语提前所作的解释大都是“ 强调状语”。其实, 状语提前有
多种多样的原因, 例如:“提供背景”、“ 避开句尾信息焦点以突出其他成分”、“ 消除歧义”、
“避免众多的状语集结在句尾”等等。在上面的句子里, 状语提前是为了“ 消除歧义”。在
句( Ia ) 中, in A ust ra lia 既可以解释为t r av elled 和se t tl ed down 的共同的状语, 也可以解
释为仅仅是se t t led down 的状语。因此, 本句具有两个含义: 1.“ 他在澳大利亚游览了许
多地方, 最后终于在澳大利亚定居了下来。”2.“他游览了许多地方, 最后终于在澳大利亚
定居了下来。”而句( Ib ) 则只有第一种含义。同样句( 2 a ) 也有两种含义: 1. Sh e was in t he
g a rden .2. My b rot he r was in th e g ard en .而句( 2b ) 则只有一种含义: Sh e was in t he
g a rden .
adverbial fronting

recommendation

recommendation

noun     /ˌrek.ə.menˈdeɪ.ʃən/

› [C or U] a suggestion that something is good or suitable for a particular purposeor job

推薦，介紹

I bought this computer on John's recommendation (= because John told me that it was good).

我買的這台電腦是約翰推薦的。

I got the job on Sam's recommendation (= because she told her employers that I was suitable for the job).

我是透過森姆的推薦得到這份工作的。

› [C] advice telling someone what the best thing to do is

提議，建議；意見

[+ that] The report makes the recommendation that no more prisons should bebuilt.

該報告建議不要再建新的監獄。

名詞化練習4**

31. The enemy attacked the town three times a week.

>started the attackX

>have made three attacks

32. She tends to talk too much.

>gives X

>has a tendency to talk 

33. He died in a shooting accident

>met his death

34. They don’t practice what they preach.

>put into practice

35. I play the  piano, but I never get time to practice

>do any practice

Missing your breakfast won’t harm you.

>cause you harmX

>do you any harm / do any harm to you

The medicine he prescribed me smelt very strong.

>had a very strong smell. 

She looked at me knowingly.

>cast a knowing look

>gave me a knowing look.

Smoking seems to have affected his appetite.

>cause an effect on X

>had a bad effect on

He blamed his colleagues.

 >

>laid/put the blame on 

Do not leave your children unsurprised.

多啲俾細路驚喜也是好事.

又中又英2

dread
writer's block
shake off my writer's block
lift your spirits
elate 鼓舞
Hats off to...
use it or lose it
nod off
overly long
robotic way
ejected 被逐出
a scrooge skruːdʒ (a person who is very unwilling to spend money)
miserly,stingy, tight-fisted
chide 鬧
pick on
no big deal
signage, sign
crack vs
crack up at 大笑
crack a joke = tell a joke
comb-over
cover up
bullsh.t= BS
hairline in size= very thin
There is room for improvement
etched in my memory
raining cats and dogs
instinctively
pick their nose
booger 鼻屎
flak = criticism
He had it coming= He deserved it.
retort = reply angrily
Time will tell.
bend 屈服, 讓步
set in tablets of stone, set in stone, set in concrete 不能改變
blink = back down, give in,
relevant authorities
silent treatment
cost an arm and a leg= is very expensive
relish = enjoy
get over = accept
轉軚u-turn, flip-flop, backtrack, about-turn (verbs)
overplay
missing the point
chink in the armour = a weak spot in your protection
chink(racial insult to describe Chinese people)
When you're in a hole, stop digging.
make the hole larger
climb out of the hole,
glued to
monster earthquake
wall of water
swayed= moved from side to side
belly-up = go upside down
bizarre
laughingstock
bank run, run on a bank
herd mentality
a run on  搶購...
grips the world's  attention
a chain of events
nuclear apocalypse
fail-safe (不能失敗的)
a hard and fast rule=a rule that can't be changed
fair-weather friend
shovel (the snow)
Dig your own grave
food capital
service with a smile
curt =rude
the customer is always right
has fallen on deaf ears
lost me
as happy as a lark
as happy as a clam in high water
couch potato
pass the buck= shift the blame
A bureaucrat
pothole
economical with the truth
touched the hearts of
unbelievable
pomp and pageantry
captivated by
mind muddled
vigilant vs vibrant
robust
hang(吊)的過去式是hanged
Old habits die hard
add odds with
coca-cola figure
shoot himself in the foot
decline= 拒絕
flabbergasted= very surprised
Latinos /læˈtiːnəʊ/
Hispanics
flooded me 
get a kick out of = get fun out of
stuck for words
a lame excuse牽強的藉口
had my fill of gutter politics
gutter politics= dirty politics
As fate would have it=as it happened, as it turned out
think ahead
come to terms with
sell like hotcakes
fly off the shelves
in his league= in his level
in the same league as that of ...
suck
to con people= to trick people 
Pissed off= angry
piss = urinate, urine
testy= irritated
piss off= go away
get pissed= get drunk

freak
completely rubbish
TV shoot
come into play = have an effect
lose sight of= focus on something so much that makes sb forget sth
jumble his words = mix up with words
a Freudian slip vs a slip of the tongue
withhold= uphold rights
I disapprove of what you say but I'll defend to the death your right to say it
at the forefront of ...
gate-crash
soil (v) = to make dirty
devalue
hard-headed = stubborn
fan
fanning hatred of rich
stand on our feet vs put yourself in sb's shoes
swansong policy speech= final policy speech
run-of-the-mill speech
legacy
walk the walk vs talk the talk
veg-out = relax and do nothing
no-brainer=a thing that is easy to understand
jerk= very unlikeable person
Orwellian vs Machiavellian
bad-mouth others
throw a mean barb at sb
born with a silver spoon in his mouth
bureaucrat-speak
at this juncture
disruption
detriment
unravel
remedied

there be1

there be1
【问】 Th er e__________ th e las t piece of ca ke a nd th e last s poonful of ice c ream .
A . we go B . goes
C . go D . ar e lo sing
正确答案是C( go) , 但是, 下面的句子与它相似, 谓语动词却用了单数:
Th er e was a b ed a nd a big wa rdrob e with a mi rror .( Hemingway )
不知您如何解释这种现象。

【答】 在th er e b e 和h e re b e 句型中, 我们可以看到主语与谓语的一致遵循着两个相互矛
盾的原则: 接近原则和语法一致原则。下面是遵循接近原则的例句:
1. Th e re was a lso an ap p le tree and a pea r t r ee .
还有一棵苹果树和一棵梨树。
2. He r e is a pen , a f ew envelopes and some p ap e r for you .
这儿有一支钢笔, 几个信封和一些纸供你使用。
3. Th e re was an of f ice d esk , a re volving c hai r , books helves , a saf e . . .
里面摆着一张办公桌、一把转椅、几个书架和一个保险箱⋯⋯

这种接近原则, 尽管使用得很广泛, 但是仍然受到语言纯正主义者的批评。在这里
他们只承认语法一致原则:
1. Th e re were Dalby and Mrs . Dalb y .
那儿有多尔比和多尔比夫人。
2. Th e re were only one or two chap s th e re .
那儿只有一两个小伙子。

托福考题便是按照语言纯正主义者的观点来考核学生的:
In th e room a n a rm-ch ai r , a t able , and a d esk .
A . th e re ha ve B . th e re is C . there are D . the r e was ( TOEFL 教程)

The Departed

The Departed

tireder

the29
the . . .the more tired/ the tireder
【问】
Th e long e r
A
we study ,
B
the mor e t ir ed
C
we ge t .
(《新编留美托福签证考试资料》, 台北时代留学英语中心、华南图书出版社,
p .1 13 )
答案为C( 应将th e more ti r ed 改为th e ti r ed er ) 。但我认为原句并没有什么错误。


【答】 一般而论, 单音节和双音节的形容词用屈折变化的方法来构成比较级:
big— bigge r , nice— nicer , n eat — nea te r , tidy — tidie r , cleve r —clev er e r , simple—
simpl er
但是, 有许多双音节形容词既可以用词尾加-er 和-es t 方法构成比较级和最高级, 也
可以用在前面加more 和mo st 的方法构成比较级和最高级。L EG 指出, 下列形容词具
有上述特点:
cleve r , common , gent le , ha ndsome , h appy , na rrow , qui et , s ha llow , simple ,
stupid , t ired
并强调指出:“如无把握时, 双音节形容词用more 和mo st 最为可靠。”( §6 .26 )

这里还应指出, 在t he . . .the 句型中, 形容词使用加mor e 的方法构成比较级更少受
到限制:
1 . he more ol d we a r e , the more wise we become .( CGE L)
2 . he more ang ry sh e became , th e mor e sh e laugh ed a t him .(LDCE)

还有一点亦应引起我们的注意: 作形容词用的分词照例是使用加mor e 和most 的方
法构成比较级和最高级的:
wor n—more worn— most worn ,
wounde d—more wound ed— most wounded
由此看来, 原试题中的mor e t ir ed 是正确的, 完全没有必要改为t ir ed er 。

the . . .the

the26
the . . .the1
【问】 Th e highe r th e st a nd a rd of living and th e gr eat er th e n at iona l weal th , th e .
A . gr eat e r is th e amount of pa pe r is u sed
B . gr ea te r amount of p ap er is used
C . amount of pa pe r is u sed is gr eat er
964 the24
D . gr eat e r the amount of pa pe r used ( TOEFL , 86 .5 )
试题要求选D, 但我认为, 如果选D, 则全句不是一个完整的句子, 因为它缺谓语
( used 是及物动词的过去分词, 在这里不能看作是谓语) 。

【答】 在th e . . .th e 结构中, 如果谓语动词是联系动词b e, 可以省略。如果把后面分句
( 即主句) 的谓语动词补上去, 则为:“ th e gr eat er th e amount of p ap er use d is”。下面是与
试题相类似的实例:
1. T he st ronge r___________ magn et , the gr ea te r th e numbe r of lin es of magn et ic for ce .
A . of B . th e C . is the D . is of th e ( TOEFL , 85 .8)
2. T he coa r se r th e se diment , .
A . whe r e th e beac h is s tee pe r a nd n a rrowe r
B . a nd th e st eepe r and na rrowe r the b each
C . th e beac h is s tee pe r a nd n a rrowe r
D . th e stee p er an d nar rower th e beach ( TOEFL , 84 .8 )

the27
the . . .the2
【问】 Th e younge r ( is ) th e c hild , th e more is th e c hild􊳰s n eed of sleep .
Gen er ally t he high er ( is ) t he f eve r , the quic ke r ( is ) th e pulse .
( 上海第二医学院主编《英语语法》, p .20 ,《英语》第二册)
如果谓语动词为b e , 是不是像上面的例句所表述的那样前后两个分句都必须主谓
倒装?

【答】 要想把这个问题搞清楚, 必须把位于前面的从句( 第一个th e . . .) 和位于后面的主
句( 第二个t he . . .) 分开讨论。
从句( 第一个the . . .) 中的谓语动词, 不管是be , 还是其他动词, 都不用倒装( 连系动
词be 常常省略) 。因此, 上面两个例句中( is ) 的位置是不正确的。下面的托福题可以证
明这一点:
Th e st ronge r magn et , t he gr ea te r th e numbe r of lines of magn et ic for ce .
A. of B. th e C. is th e D. is of the ( TOE FL , 85. 5 )
答案为B( the ) , 而把C( is th e ) 判为错误。
再请考察下面的实例:
1. T he bigge r the y are[ CSV] , th e h a rde r the y f al l .( RCD)
2. T he la te r you ar ri ve[ASV] , t he b et t e r the food is .( CGEL )
3. T he les s wi t a ma n has[OSV] , th e l es s h e knows th at h e want s i t .( Prov)
而在主句( 第二个th e . . .) 中, 主语和谓语既可以采用正装语序, 也可以采用倒装语
序。这里没有语法规则上的强制要求, 作者可根据结构特点和信息焦点的分布来安排
语序:
1. T he la te r you a r rive , the be t te r th e food is .[ CSV] (CGEL)
2. T he mor e I think a bout i t , t he les s I l i ke i t .[ ASV] ( Cronin )
3. T he mor e so cia lism spr ead s, t he st ronge r become th e forces of peace .[ CVS ]
4. T he n ea re r t hei r doomdr aws , the mor e d espe r at ely wi l l the enemy p ut up
st r uggle .[ AVS]