2014年5月17日 星期六
2014年5月16日 星期五
drugs
People in all modern societies use drugs, but today's youth are expertimenting with both legal and illegal drugs, and at an increasingly early age. Some sociologists claim that parents and other members of society often set a bad example.
Discuss the causes and some effects of widespread drug use by young people in modern day society. Make any recommendations you feel are necessary to help fight youth drug abuse.
- You should write at least 250 words.
- You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
causes:
People take drugs to escape from the real problems.
effects:
soluton:
Model answer:
Youth drug abuse is a serious problem nowadays in many cultures. Not only is illegal drug use on the rise, but children as young as 10 years old are experimenting with alcohol and tobacco. The reasons for this behaviour are unclear, but certain sociologists blame the examples set by their elders.
Parents who drink and smoke to excess are, in effect, telling their children that it is acceptable to abuse their bodies with drugs. Consequently, children may have a similar view towards illegal drugs, even if their parents are against their use. In addition, drug use shown on television and in films can only confuse children who are also taught at school that drug abuse is wrong.
The pressure on young people to perform well at school in order to compete for jobs is a possible cause of the problem. Many believe they cannot live up to their parents' expectations, and feel a sense of hopelessness. Also, the widespread availability of drugs means teenagers are faced with the temptation to experiment. Drugs are used as a means of expressing dissatisfaction with the pressures they face in society.
The effects of drug abuse are well known. Many young people's talents are wasted, and addiction to hard drugs can cost a user his or her life. Furthermore, those who drink and drive may be involved in fatal road accidents. The cost to society is great, and enormous amounts of money are spent on convicting drug dealers and on education programmes.
To conclude, I recommend that the only sensible way to solve this problem is to educate young people about the dangers of drug use, and to take steps to reduce the pressure of competition placed upon them.
2014年5月14日 星期三
no more than vs not more than的分別
1. no more than即僅僅:
I got no more than 10000 dollars.
即我只得到一萬元
2. not more than是不多於:
I got not more than 10000 dollars
我得到不多於一萬元.
第一句的no more than是強調「言其少」. 第二句表達客觀事實,沒特別語氣.
2014年5月13日 星期二
website 的collocation
VERB + WEBSITE look for, search for | access, browse, check out, log into/onto, look at, visit | search I was searching this history website for something about Alexander the Great. | bookmark | have | build, create, design, develop, make, set up We show you how to make your own website in ten simple steps. | launch | upload | host, maintain, run, update
瀏覽網頁是browse the website, visit the website
瀏覽網頁是browse the website, visit the website
Job Offer Letter
source: http://jobsearch.about.com/od/jobrejectionletters/a/job-offer-letter.htm
When a company offers a candidate a job, the offer will typically be formalized with a job offer letter even though you may have been verbally offered the job over the phone or in-person.
A job offer letter includes the position the candidate has been offered, the salary, the starting date, and information on employee benefits and retirement programs.
The following is an example of a job offer letter.
Job Offer Letter Sample
Mr./Ms. Last Name
Address
City, State, Zip
Dear Mr./Ms. Last Name,
ABCD company is pleased to offer you the position of Assistant Director, Customer Relations. Your skills and experience will be an ideal fit for our customer service department.
As we discussed, your starting date will be February 1. The starting salary is $42,000 per year and is paid on a weekly basis. Direct deposit is available.
Full family medical coverage will be provided through our company's employee benefit plan and will be effective on March 1. Dental and optical insurance are also available.
ABCD offers a flexible paid-time off plan which includes vacation, personal, and sick leave. Time off accrues at the rate of one day per month for your first year, then increases based on your tenure with the company.
Eligibility for the company retirement plan begins 90 days after your start date.
If you choose to accept this job offer, please sign the second copy of this letter and return it to me at your earliest convenience. When your acknowledgement is received, we will send you employee benefit enrollment forms and an employee handbook which details our benefit plans and retirement plan.
We look forward to welcoming you to the ABCD team.
Please let me know if you have any questions or I can provide any additional information.
Sincerely,
First Name Last Name
Director, Human Resources
ABCD Company
____________
I hereby accept the Assistant Director, Customer Relations position.
_____________________________
Signature
_____________________________
Date
nuclear energy
We have been living in the nuelear age now for over half a
century. Since the first atomic bombs were developed, nuclear technology has
provided governments with the ability to totally destroy the planet. Yet the
technology has been put to positive use as an energy source and in certain
areas of medicine.
To what extent is nuclear technology a danger to life on
Earth? What are the benefits and risks associated with its use?
You should write at least 250 words.
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
---------------------------
As the saying goes, "Every coin has two sides."
The use of nuclear energy has provoked controversy over the years. One the one
hand, the advocate of nuclear energy maintains it is clean and efficient. On
the other hand, the opponents have been fighting for banning the use of nuclear
energy with solid reasons.
The proponents of nuclear energy claim that nuclear energy is
cleaner than fossil fuels. Burning of fossil fuels produces greenhouse gases
such as carbon dioxide that is the culprit of the occurrence of the extreme
weathers, as we can see in recent years. Nuclear energy is produced by the
chemical reaction between the elements. No pollutants are made in the process.
Also, nuclear energy is efficient. The energy released in a reaction is huge,
while the energy produced from burning oil and coals is less efficient.
However, nuclear energy poses a serious threat to human
lives with the radiation released in the chemical reaction. The radiation
causes cancers in humans. The leakage of radiation in the Tokyo Electric Plants
Accident causes panic to the people in the surrounding regions. Animals and plants
become extinct due to the radiation. Some people say the accident can be
avoided, but as it is, once an accident happens, the result is disastrous.
In my opinion, nuclear energy should not be used whatsoever.
It is too dangerous when an accident happens. People should use less energy to
avoid the depletion of energy reserves in the world. After all, we have to use
energy but not at the cost of bringing detrimental effect on our health, as is
the case with the use of nuclear energy.
as is often the case
http://forum.thefreedictionary.com/postst55089_as-is-often-the-case.aspx
這裡討論了as is often the case的as的詞性. 證明了as is often the case 的as是 relative pronoun.
這裡討論了as is often the case的as的詞性. 證明了as is often the case 的as是 relative pronoun.
As is the case的用法分析
发布时间：2014-02-25 15:52:09 杂志：新东方英语
出处：新东方英语 13年11月刊
作者：张满胜
点击查看原图
点击查看原图
本期，笔者将与大家分享as is the case这个句型的用法。该句型的基本含义是“这是常见的情形”或“情况往往如此”等，as is the case还经常与often、always等词搭配使用。该句型作为从句使用时，一般位于句首，其后再接一个陈述句，用于具体描述某个情形。它既可以单独使用，也可以在后面接介词with和in。下面笔者就来具体介绍这三种结构的含义与用法。
As is the case单独使用
as is the case单独使用时，其含义为“通常情况下，一如既往地”。请看下面这个例句。
1. As is often the case, humans are the primary cause of extinction.
通常情况下，人类是物种灭绝的主要原因。
需要说明的是，as is the case中的be动词可以根据语境换成其他时态。请看下面这个例句。
2. Since World War II, the need to encrypt and decrypt secret codes has increased considerably. As has always been the case, secret codes continue to be used by governments and businesses to share secret information.
自二战以来，加密和解密的需求急剧增长。密码一如既往地被政府和企业用来共享机密。
我们看到，上面两个例句中的as is the case是单独使用的。不过，更多的时候，我们是在as is the case后边添加介词with或in来使用，其中with用于引出人与物，in用于引出地点。下文中笔者将对此进行详述。
As is the case接介词with
当as is the case后面接介词with时，通常是以“as is(often) the case with + sb./sth.”这一结构出现，表示主句所描述的某种情形适合于这些人或物。请看例句。
3. As is often the case with him, he was fined for speeding.
他因超速而被罚款, 这对他而言是常有的事。
4. It’s especially important to search for trials before starting treatment if standard treatment is not terribly effective, as is the case with many advanced cancers.
如果常规治疗效果不是很明显——许多晚期癌症往往会出现这种情况——那么就应该在治疗之前先寻求临床试验的机会，这点尤其重要。
上面的例4摘自一个有关癌症诊断与治疗的文章。
我们看到，这里的as is the case with后边接的是一个事物advanced cancers (晚期癌症)，用于表达主句描述的情形适合晚期的癌症。
As is the case接介词in
as is the case后面接介词in时，通常以“as is the case in+place”的结构出现，表示主句所描述的某种情形适合于某个地方。比如我们常常说“中国的情况往往就是这样”，用英文表达就是as is often the case in china。
说到中国的常见情形，我们很多人应该会立即想到一个词——关系。关系在中国这个人情社会中无处不在，渗透到社会各个领域。我们常说现在是一个“拼爹”时代，“拼爹”说白了就是拼关系。“关系”一词的内涵是如此微妙，以至于我们无法找到合适的英文词来翻译，英文中的relationship或connection根本无法概括汉语中关系的这层含义。因此，老外干脆就用拼音guanxi来翻译，比如下面这个例句。
5. I admire her because she is intelligent and hardworking.What she gets, she earns—she is not taking advantage of her guanxi [connections], as is often the case in China.
我很欣赏她，因为她智慧、勤奋，她所得的都是凭自己实力挣来的，而不像中国常见的那样利用关系。
上句中的her是指小说《杜拉拉升职记》里的主人公杜拉拉。这部小说曾经红极一时，有外国记者就此采访中国办公室白领，一位白领对杜拉拉作了上述这番评论。
有中国特色的事物非常多，除了关系，还有造假(counterfeit)。别人辛辛苦苦研究出来的好产品，造假者们(counterfeiters)纷纷仿造，以谋取暴利。请看下面的例句。
6. As is often the case in China, where there is progress, there is potential profit—for counterfeiters.
在中国，情况就是这样：哪里有进步，哪里就有潜在利润——对那些造假者来说。
下面这句话谈的则是中国人的精明。
7. But, as is often the case in China, there are ways around the rules.
可是，在中国，情况往往就是这样，人们总有办法规避规则。
在中国，遇到节假日往往会调休，我们对此已经习以为常了，但是老外对此却很不习惯，尤其对因为调休而要在周末上班很不习惯。
8. As is often the case in China, the logic behind these holiday arrangements may at first seem a little confusing. As an example, this year’s Qingming Festival falls on 4 April, but in order to create a three-day holiday from 4~6 April, most people have to work Sunday 7 April to make up for the extra day off during the week. Unfortunately this also means working six days straight until the following weekend when normality is restored.
在中国，遇到节假日往往会调休，这种情况很常见，不过这种调休的逻辑乍看起来可能会让人感到有点不明白。比如，今年(2013年)的清明节是在4月4日(周四)，为了有一个完整的从4月4日到4月6日的三天休息时间，大部分人只好在4月7日周日这一天上班，以弥补4月5日(周五)的工作日。不幸的是，这样一来就会造成连续工作6天，直到下周才能恢复正常。
最后我们再来看一个有关中国公共债务与银行钱荒的例句。
9. As is often the case in China, most of the debt is kept off balance sheet.大多数债务都是在资产负债表之外，这种情况在中国很常见。
大家还记得2013年6月中国经济发生的“银行钱荒”吗？财大气粗的银行也缺钱了。可实际上中国的广义货币发行量已经超过一百万亿人民币了，为什么还会缺钱呢？这涉及银行的表外业务(off-balance sheet banking)。与表外业务相对应的是表内业务(on-balance sheet banking)。银行的表内业务最主要的是贷款，银行从民间吸纳存款之后以一定的利率贷款给企业或个人。但是正常的银行贷款利率很低(比如只有6%左右)，而且一部分存款要放在央行作为准备金，同时还在各项指标上受到银监会的严格监管。银行的表外业务则是通过信托、基金、券商等渠道向一部分企业提供门槛较低但利息较高的贷款。表外业务并不受银监会监管，而且利润较高，于是一些银行把表内资金转移到表外以获得高额回报。这就造成了大量资金都在金融机构内循环套利，而流向实体经济的资金很少。简言之，银行的钱荒不是金融系统内没有钱，而是钱没有用对地方。对此，有人打了一个很形象的比喻：
有个富二代叫银行，他有个大老婆叫贷款，已年老色衰。前几年，他勾搭上一个年轻漂亮“二奶”，叫信托，后来又勾搭上“小三”券商、“小四”基金……一来二去，这些表外系列肚子都搞大了，一堆孩子都要富二代负责。他爹央行怕败家，不干了，说赶紧给我过本分日子，不然我打断你腿。于是就发生了一场金融地震。
_________ a daily basis
2 [singular] the way things are organized or arrangedon a regular/permanent/part-time/temporary basison a daily/day-to-day/weekly basis
http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/basis
http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/basis
2014年5月12日 星期一
We have been living in the nuelear age now
for over half a century. Since the first atomic bombs were developed, nuclear
technology has provided governments with the ability to totally destroy the
planet. Yet the technology has been put to positive use as an energy source and
in certain areas of medicine.
To what extent is nuclear technology a
danger to life on Earth? What are the benefits and risks associated with its
use?
You should write at least 250 words.
You should spend about 40 minutes on this
task.
---------------------------
As the saying goes, "Every coin has two sides." Nuclear energy
Nuclear
energy is claimed to be cleaner than fossil fuels.
Nuclear energy poses a serious threat to human lives.
2014年5月11日 星期日
As such 兩個意思
一個是「作為如此」
He is a brilliant man and is recognised as such.
也可譯「本身」
Money as such will seldom bring happiness.
另外，也解「因此」
He is my father and as such can tell me what to do.
He is my father and as such can tell me what to do.
He is as handsome as I.
為什麼He
is as handsome as I又可以, He is as handsome as me又可以?
第一句I前的as是連接詞，第二句me前的as是介詞。
whatsoever
whatsoever點解？
whatsoever即whatever, 但除whatever一般用法外，還有自己另一個用法，意思是at all（根本），但用在否定句子後：
He has
no respect for authority whatsoever.
They
received no help whatever.
形容詞也可作副詞子句(狀語從句)
形容词作状语的用法 (2008-10-19 20:16:24)转载▼
标签： 杂谈 分类： 教育教学
形容词除了可以作定语、表语或补语外，还可以在句中作状语，具有副词的功能。形容词作状语用时，一般用逗号将其与句子的其余部分隔开。这种状语可位于句首、句末或句中。它在意义上相当于一个状语从句，具有以下语义和特征。
一、形容词或形容词短语可以作状语，表示行为方式或伴随状况。有时，它会像非限制性定语从句一样，表示意义上的增补，其逻辑主语是句子的主语。例如：
1. Crusoe stared at the footprint, full of
fear. （＝Curose, who was full of fear, stared at the
footprint. ）克鲁索两眼死盯着脚印看，内心里充满着恐惧。
2. He approached us, full of apologies. （＝He, who was full of apologies, approached us. ）他连声道歉地朝我们走过来。
二、形容词或形容词短语可以作状语，表示原因。这种状语一般位于句首，有时也可位于句中。例如：
1. Angry at the girl oversleeping, Mr Green
went down to wake her up. （＝Mr Green went down to wake up the
girl because he was angry with her for oversleeping. ）格林先生下去叫醒她，是因为她睡过了头惹恼了他。
2. Lin Tao, glad to accept the suggestion,
nodded his agreement. （＝Because he was glad to accept the
suggestion, Lin Tao nodded his agreement. ）
因为林涛很乐意接受这个建议，所以他就点头同意了。
三、形容词或形容词短语可以作状语，表示时间或条件。这种状语通常位于句首，也可位于句末。例如：
1. Ripe, these apples are sweet. （＝When / If these apples are ripe, they are sweet. ）这些苹果熟了，味道很甜。
2. Enthusiastic, they are quite cooperative. （＝When / If they are enthusiastic, they are cooperative. ）
他们热心时是很愿意合作的。
四、形容词或形容词短语可以作让步状语。这种状语常由连词or连接的两个或两个以上的并列形容词构成，一般位于句首，有时也可位于句中。例如：
1. Right or wrong, he always comes off worst
in an argument because of his inability to speak coherently. （＝Whether he is right or wrong, he always comes off worst because of his
inability to speak coherently. ）
由于讲话语无伦次，所以不论有理没理，他在辩论中的表现总是非常糟糕。
2. Wet or fine, he got up at six and took a
walk in the park. （= Whether it was wet or fine, he
got up at six and took a walk in the park. ）
不管是晴天还是下雨天，他总是六点钟起床，并到公园里散散步。
五、形容词或形容词短语可以作状语，表示结果或存在的状态。这种状语在句中的位置比较灵
活。例如：
1. For a moment she just stood there, unable
to believe what had just happened.
她在那儿呆呆地站了一会儿，不敢相信刚才发生的事情。
2. One woman was lying in bed, awake,
listening to the rushing wind.
有一个女人躺在床上，毫无睡意，静听那疾驰而过的大风。
六、形容词或形容词短语可以在句首作状语，表示说话人的态度。例如：
1. Strange, he should have done such a thing.
奇怪，他做了这样一件事。
2. Worse still, the lion could even carry off
the baby it its mouth.
更糟糕的是，狮子甚至能把婴儿叼走
什麼是讓步副詞子句
1. Although you may object, I must
give it a try.
雖然你可能會反對，我仍然必須試試看。
外加表示「雖然」的連接詞although（亦可拼成though）構成副詞子句，修飾主要子句動詞must give。
2. While the disease is not fatal,
it can be very dangerous.
雖然不是要命的病，不過也很危險。
外加表示「雖然」的連接詞while構成副詞子句，修飾主要子句動詞can
be。請注意：while用在這裡的意思相當於although，解釋為「雖然」，而不是「當…時」。
3. Wh-ever拼法的連接詞，若解釋為No matter wh-（不論），就表示讓步的語氣，引導的是副詞子句。如前所述，這些連接詞可以視為疑問詞的改寫。這些副詞子句也就是從疑問句改寫而來的副詞子句。
Whether
(= No matter) you agree or not, I want to give it a try.
不論你是否同意，我都要一試。
副詞子句修飾主要子句的動詞（want）。以下的例句也都是一樣，不再說明。
Whoever
(= No matter who) calls, I won't answer.
不管誰來電話，我都不接。
Whichever
(= No matter which) way you go, I'll follow.
不論你走到哪裡，我都跟定你了。
However
(= No matter how) cold it is, he's always wearing a shirt only.
不管多冷，他總是只穿件襯衫。
Wherever
(= No matter where) he is, I'll get him!
不管他躲到哪兒，我都會抓到他！
Whenever
(= No matter when) you like, you can call me.
你隨時給我來電話都可以。
whatever, whichever, whoever
根據Oxford dictionary:
whoever
pronoun
huːˈevə(r)
; huːˈevər
; huːˈevər
1 the person or people who; any person whoWhoever says that is a liar.Send it to whoever is in charge of sales.2 used to say that it does not matter who, since the result will be the sameCome out of there, whoever you are.I don't want to see them, whoever they are.3 used in questions to mean ‘who’, expressing surpriseWhoever heard of such a thing!
這幾個人很哈人用.
首先, whatever, whichever, whoever 相同之處是它們均可引出主詞子句,受詞子句, 介系詞受詞子句 (或叫名詞性關係子句, nominal relative clause; see CCEG*), 和讓步副詞子句.
引出主詞子句:
Whatever
you do is right.
你做什麼也是對的.
Whatever
you do是句子中的主詞 (subject),
同時也是子句(clause).
引出受詞子句:
I will do whatever is necessary.
引出介系詞受詞子句：
Send it to whoever is in charge of sales.
作讓步副詞子句：
Come out
of there, whoever you are.
而幾個字的不同在，whatever和whoever在子句中都是名詞，但whichever 在子句中是形容詞：
Either
Thursday or Friday - choose whichever day is best for you.
whichever
day is the best for your是受詞子句。
當然，若whichever連用的名詞在前文後理很清楚，可以不寫出來，使whichever形同名詞：
All the
books are here. You can borrow whichever (book) you like.
而whatever也可作形容詞:
She would tell him whatever news he got.
* CCEG: Collins Cobuild English Grammar
「as much as / as many as+數量詞」解多達.
以上提過as
much as 作idiom的用法, 說過as
much + N+ as + SVO的用法.今次談談「as much/many as +數詞」的用法.
I spent
as much as 100000 dollars on stocks.
意思是:我花了多達100000元在股票上.
問題來了:為何dollars 是可數名詞,但卻用as much as不用as many as?
原來as
much as 是指10000
dollars 這數詞所指的名詞,即money. money當然不可數了.
The rain
is plentiful here, often as much as 70 inches yearly.
as much xxx as
與…一樣多(The same quantity as):
He earns as much money as I do.
此句中的as much是形容詞, 即「與..一樣多的..」 , 然後的as 是relative pronoun: money as Ｉdo 即money which I earn (我賺的錢).
You can try as many times as you like.
He picked up as much information as he could.
You can try as many times as you like.
He picked up as much information as he could.
如何理解how come?
how come
是美式英語, 是how
does it come that 之縮寫:
How come she does not appear?
How come後的主詞與動詞結構採用陳述句語序, 不是疑問句語序.
As much as 作為idiom的意思
He as much as admitted that it was his
fault.
這句中, as much as即差不多:
Mom as
much as told Jane she couldn't go.
as long as
as long
as 除只要外,還有其他意思嗎?
as long
as 很多人都知道解「只要」,引條件副詞子句, 例如:
I can
come as long as I can leave by 4.00.
1. for
or during just the length of time that
2. inasmuch
as; since
3.
provided that; if
查dictionary.com:
a. provided
that: As long as you can come by six, I'll be here.
b.seeing
that; since: As long as you're going to the grocery anyway, buy me a pint of
ice cream.
c.Also,
so long as. during the time that; through the period that: As long as we were
neighbors, they never invited us inside their house.
一個意思是「持續 (一段時間)」:
Do the stretching in a gentle, slow manner,
and hold each stretch for as long as indicated below.
Martin Budd N.D., D.O. WHY CAN'T I LOSE WEIGHT: IS YOUR WEIGHT GAIN A SYMPTOM OF A HIDDEN
HEALTH PROBLEM? (2002)
另一個是「因為」:
As long
as you're going to the grocery anyway, buy me a pint of ice cream.
注意:so far as 只有在解「只要」時,才可取代as long as .
注意:so far as 只有在解「只要」時,才可取代as long as .
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