More words related to for the reason that
conj. because
2014年6月22日 星期日
adverbs 和adverbial 有何分別??
- "Adverbs and adverbials are similar but not the same. Though they share the same modifying function, their characters are different. An adverbial is asentence element or functional category. It is a part of a sentence that performs a certain function. An adverb, on the other hand, is a type of word or part of speech. We can say that an adverb may serve as an adverbial, but an adverbial is not necessarily an adverb."
(M. Strumpf and A. Douglas, The Grammar Bible. Owl, 2004)
2014年6月21日 星期六
What are adverbials?
ＢＢＣ的解釋：
adverbials answer questions such as:
adverbials answer questions such as:
| Where? | When? | How? | Why? |
| How often? | How long? | How much? |
WIkipedia 的解釋:
In grammar an adverbial is a word (an adverb) or a group of words (an adverbial phrase or an adverbial clause) that modifies or tells us something about the sentence or theverb. (The word adverbial itself is also used as an adjective, meaning "having the same function as an adverb".) Look at the examples below:
- Danny speaks fluently. (telling more about the verb)
- Lorna ate breakfast yesterday morning. (telling when the verb's action occurred)
The form of adverbials[edit]
In English, adverbials most commonly take the form of adverbs, adverb phrases, temporal noun phrases or prepositional phrases. Many types of adverbials (for instance reason and condition) are often expressed by clauses.- James answered immediately. (adverb)
- James answered in English. (prepositional phrase)
- James answered this morning. (noun phrase)
- James answered in English because he had a foreign visitor. (adverbial clause)
An adverbial is a construction that modifies, or describes, verbs. When an adverbial modifies a verb, it changes the meaning of that verb. Word groups that are also considered to be adverbials can also modify verbs: for example, a prepositional phrase, a noun phrase, a finite clause or a non-finite clause.[1]In every sentence pattern, the adverbial is a clause element that tells where, when, why, or how. There can be more than one adverbial in a sentence. In addition, the same adverbial can be moved to different positions in a sentence.One way to analyze sentence structure is to think in terms of form and function. Form refers to a word class—such as noun, verb, adjective, adverb, and preposition—as well as types of phrases, such as prepositional phrase, nominal clause, and adverbial clause. Function refers to the function of the form in a sentence. For example, the function of a prepositional phrase in a sentence may be adverbial; that is, it modifies a verb.Types of adverbials that form sentence elements[edit]
Adverbials are typically divided into four classes:adverbial complements (i.e. obligatory adverbial) are adverbials that render a sentence ungrammatical and meaningless if removed.- John put the flowers in a vase.
adjuncts: these are part of the core meaning of the sentence, but if omitted still leave a meaningful sentence.- John and Sophia helped me with my homework.
conjuncts: these link two sentences together.- John helped so I was, therefore, able to do my homework.
disjuncts: these make comments on the meaning of the rest of the sentence.- Surprisingly, he passed all of his exams.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbial
2014年5月17日 星期六
概論adverbial
當然可以.
adverbial分三種: adverbial of cause, adverbial of concession, 及adverbial of condition.
一般學生懂得用subordinating conjunction去表示這些adverbials:because, although, if:
叻少少學生識用participle （分詞）:即動詞加ing變現在分詞,或用過去分詞, 作形容詞. 我們叫這些做分詞子句或形容詞子句:
Being a doctor myself, I earn a lot of money. (原因)
Given the chance I will do it again. (條件)
Trained in karat, he nevertheless used a gun to defend himself. (讓步)
to片語,或叫不定詞片語, 表達原因, 這點應很多學生也懂:
He is foolish to make such a fuss.
但原來也可表達條件子句: To look at him you could hardly help laughing.(即表達目的)
高級一點的學生, 識用介詞表達原因:
In the light of these changes, we must revise our plan.
讓步:
Despite the heavy rain, the part set out in the morning.
條件:
In case of fire, ring the bell.
Without steel, there would be no industry.
至於獨立分詞結構(independent participle), 則要大師達人才懂得用:
Aluminium being very soft, we can press it easily into any shapes desired. (原因)
This sum added, we will have enough money for the trip. (條件)
達人也懂得用whatever等字作讓步子句:
I will occupy Central whatever the government says.
達人識用倒裝as , though 或that 造讓步子句:
Try as he may, he never succeeds.
讓步子句有好很花款:
The parade will start promptly, rain or shine. (用or 連接兩個相反的詞語)
I may be only a servant, but I have my pride. (may ..but 結構)
All magnets have two poles, be they large or small. (be 結構=whether they are)
adverbial分三種: adverbial of cause, adverbial of concession, 及adverbial of condition.
一般學生懂得用subordinating conjunction去表示這些adverbials:because, although, if:
叻少少學生識用participle （分詞）:即動詞加ing變現在分詞,或用過去分詞, 作形容詞. 我們叫這些做分詞子句或形容詞子句:
Being a doctor myself, I earn a lot of money. (原因)
Given the chance I will do it again. (條件)
Trained in karat, he nevertheless used a gun to defend himself. (讓步)
to片語,或叫不定詞片語, 表達原因, 這點應很多學生也懂:
He is foolish to make such a fuss.
但原來也可表達條件子句: To look at him you could hardly help laughing.(即表達目的)
高級一點的學生, 識用介詞表達原因:
In the light of these changes, we must revise our plan.
讓步:
Despite the heavy rain, the part set out in the morning.
條件:
In case of fire, ring the bell.
Without steel, there would be no industry.
至於獨立分詞結構(independent participle), 則要大師達人才懂得用:
Aluminium being very soft, we can press it easily into any shapes desired. (原因)
This sum added, we will have enough money for the trip. (條件)
達人也懂得用whatever等字作讓步子句:
I will occupy Central whatever the government says.
達人識用倒裝as , though 或that 造讓步子句:
Try as he may, he never succeeds.
讓步子句有好很花款:
The parade will start promptly, rain or shine. (用or 連接兩個相反的詞語)
I may be only a servant, but I have my pride. (may ..but 結構)
All magnets have two poles, be they large or small. (be 結構=whether they are)
2014年5月11日 星期日
形容詞也可作副詞子句(狀語從句)
形容词作状语的用法 (2008-10-19 20:16:24)转载▼
标签： 杂谈 分类： 教育教学
形容词除了可以作定语、表语或补语外，还可以在句中作状语，具有副词的功能。形容词作状语用时，一般用逗号将其与句子的其余部分隔开。这种状语可位于句首、句末或句中。它在意义上相当于一个状语从句，具有以下语义和特征。
一、形容词或形容词短语可以作状语，表示行为方式或伴随状况。有时，它会像非限制性定语从句一样，表示意义上的增补，其逻辑主语是句子的主语。例如：
1. Crusoe stared at the footprint, full of
fear. （＝Curose, who was full of fear, stared at the
footprint. ）克鲁索两眼死盯着脚印看，内心里充满着恐惧。
2. He approached us, full of apologies. （＝He, who was full of apologies, approached us. ）他连声道歉地朝我们走过来。
二、形容词或形容词短语可以作状语，表示原因。这种状语一般位于句首，有时也可位于句中。例如：
1. Angry at the girl oversleeping, Mr Green
went down to wake her up. （＝Mr Green went down to wake up the
girl because he was angry with her for oversleeping. ）格林先生下去叫醒她，是因为她睡过了头惹恼了他。
2. Lin Tao, glad to accept the suggestion,
nodded his agreement. （＝Because he was glad to accept the
suggestion, Lin Tao nodded his agreement. ）
因为林涛很乐意接受这个建议，所以他就点头同意了。
三、形容词或形容词短语可以作状语，表示时间或条件。这种状语通常位于句首，也可位于句末。例如：
1. Ripe, these apples are sweet. （＝When / If these apples are ripe, they are sweet. ）这些苹果熟了，味道很甜。
2. Enthusiastic, they are quite cooperative. （＝When / If they are enthusiastic, they are cooperative. ）
他们热心时是很愿意合作的。
四、形容词或形容词短语可以作让步状语。这种状语常由连词or连接的两个或两个以上的并列形容词构成，一般位于句首，有时也可位于句中。例如：
1. Right or wrong, he always comes off worst
in an argument because of his inability to speak coherently. （＝Whether he is right or wrong, he always comes off worst because of his
inability to speak coherently. ）
由于讲话语无伦次，所以不论有理没理，他在辩论中的表现总是非常糟糕。
2. Wet or fine, he got up at six and took a
walk in the park. （= Whether it was wet or fine, he
got up at six and took a walk in the park. ）
不管是晴天还是下雨天，他总是六点钟起床，并到公园里散散步。
五、形容词或形容词短语可以作状语，表示结果或存在的状态。这种状语在句中的位置比较灵
活。例如：
1. For a moment she just stood there, unable
to believe what had just happened.
她在那儿呆呆地站了一会儿，不敢相信刚才发生的事情。
2. One woman was lying in bed, awake,
listening to the rushing wind.
有一个女人躺在床上，毫无睡意，静听那疾驰而过的大风。
六、形容词或形容词短语可以在句首作状语，表示说话人的态度。例如：
1. Strange, he should have done such a thing.
奇怪，他做了这样一件事。
2. Worse still, the lion could even carry off
the baby it its mouth.
更糟糕的是，狮子甚至能把婴儿叼走
什麼是讓步副詞子句
1. Although you may object, I must
give it a try.
雖然你可能會反對，我仍然必須試試看。
外加表示「雖然」的連接詞although（亦可拼成though）構成副詞子句，修飾主要子句動詞must give。
2. While the disease is not fatal,
it can be very dangerous.
雖然不是要命的病，不過也很危險。
外加表示「雖然」的連接詞while構成副詞子句，修飾主要子句動詞can
be。請注意：while用在這裡的意思相當於although，解釋為「雖然」，而不是「當…時」。
3. Wh-ever拼法的連接詞，若解釋為No matter wh-（不論），就表示讓步的語氣，引導的是副詞子句。如前所述，這些連接詞可以視為疑問詞的改寫。這些副詞子句也就是從疑問句改寫而來的副詞子句。
Whether
(= No matter) you agree or not, I want to give it a try.
不論你是否同意，我都要一試。
副詞子句修飾主要子句的動詞（want）。以下的例句也都是一樣，不再說明。
Whoever
(= No matter who) calls, I won't answer.
不管誰來電話，我都不接。
Whichever
(= No matter which) way you go, I'll follow.
不論你走到哪裡，我都跟定你了。
However
(= No matter how) cold it is, he's always wearing a shirt only.
不管多冷，他總是只穿件襯衫。
Wherever
(= No matter where) he is, I'll get him!
不管他躲到哪兒，我都會抓到他！
Whenever
(= No matter when) you like, you can call me.
你隨時給我來電話都可以。
whatever, whichever, whoever
根據Oxford dictionary:
whoever
pronoun
huːˈevə(r)
; huːˈevər
; huːˈevər
1 the person or people who; any person whoWhoever says that is a liar.Send it to whoever is in charge of sales.2 used to say that it does not matter who, since the result will be the sameCome out of there, whoever you are.I don't want to see them, whoever they are.3 used in questions to mean ‘who’, expressing surpriseWhoever heard of such a thing!
這幾個人很哈人用.
首先, whatever, whichever, whoever 相同之處是它們均可引出主詞子句,受詞子句, 介系詞受詞子句 (或叫名詞性關係子句, nominal relative clause; see CCEG*), 和讓步副詞子句.
引出主詞子句:
Whatever
you do is right.
你做什麼也是對的.
Whatever
you do是句子中的主詞 (subject),
同時也是子句(clause).
引出受詞子句:
I will do whatever is necessary.
引出介系詞受詞子句：
Send it to whoever is in charge of sales.
作讓步副詞子句：
Come out
of there, whoever you are.
而幾個字的不同在，whatever和whoever在子句中都是名詞，但whichever 在子句中是形容詞：
Either
Thursday or Friday - choose whichever day is best for you.
whichever
day is the best for your是受詞子句。
當然，若whichever連用的名詞在前文後理很清楚，可以不寫出來，使whichever形同名詞：
All the
books are here. You can borrow whichever (book) you like.
而whatever也可作形容詞:
She would tell him whatever news he got.
* CCEG: Collins Cobuild English Grammar
as long as
as long
as 除只要外,還有其他意思嗎?
as long
as 很多人都知道解「只要」,引條件副詞子句, 例如:
I can
come as long as I can leave by 4.00.
1. for
or during just the length of time that
2. inasmuch
as; since
3.
provided that; if
查dictionary.com:
a. provided
that: As long as you can come by six, I'll be here.
b.seeing
that; since: As long as you're going to the grocery anyway, buy me a pint of
ice cream.
c.Also,
so long as. during the time that; through the period that: As long as we were
neighbors, they never invited us inside their house.
一個意思是「持續 (一段時間)」:
Do the stretching in a gentle, slow manner,
and hold each stretch for as long as indicated below.
Martin Budd N.D., D.O. WHY CAN'T I LOSE WEIGHT: IS YOUR WEIGHT GAIN A SYMPTOM OF A HIDDEN
HEALTH PROBLEM? (2002)
另一個是「因為」:
As long
as you're going to the grocery anyway, buy me a pint of ice cream.
注意:so far as 只有在解「只要」時,才可取代as long as .
注意:so far as 只有在解「只要」時,才可取代as long as .
2014年5月10日 星期六
As it happens vs as we know
試看這兩句：
1. He is an American, as we know from his accent.
2.As it happens, we probably won't have all that much time for a holiday, though.
有何分別？
分別在於， 第一句的as ,是relative pronoun, 第二句的as, 是conjunction.
其他 作 relative pronoun 的 as,的子句：
as you may have heard, as you may remember
as you may have heard, as you may remember
其他as作 conjunction的子句: as I see it ， as it appears, as I see it
2014年5月7日 星期三
as if是什麼詞?
as if是連接詞, 是subordinating
conjunction (從屬連接詞):
He talks
about his job as if he is very successful.
而as if這副詞子句, 可用to-infinitive作省略:
He talks
about his job as if to be very successful.
也可用present
participle 或past
participle 作省略:
He stops
as if waiting for his wife to speak.
He stops
as if struck by lightning.
當然大前提是主句和子句的主語一致.
再談As
As 這個字很棘手,為什麼?
大部分中學文法書都教as是連接詞, 例如:
As it
appears from her essay, she has read widely in Romantic literature.
但比較少人講as
作為關係代名詞(relative pronoun):
As has
been said above, he is a bad guy.
以下就是as 作relative pronoun時的relative clause:
as
everybody knows, as you may remember, as I can see, as I have said, as I am
told, as you may have heard
as引導的形容詞子句, 可稱為sentential
relative clause, 因為很多時也是修飾整個句子的.
所以as作為關係代名詞或連接詞也對,
2014年5月4日 星期日
As除了是連接詞外還是什麼?
事實上,
as經常用作「關係代名詞」(relative pronoun),像which和who. 例如:
As is
generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development
of production.
句子裡的as子句, 是關係子句
(relative clause), 可以當作which is generally accepted理解. 這關係子句是非限制性(non-defining)的, 正如:
My father, who is 60 years old, has
retired. 中的關係子句是非限制性的.
Published as it was at such a time
問: 「Published as it was at such a
time, his work attracted much attention. 」有無問題?
答: 問題是句子中的as除了解作因為外,也可解作雖然, 因此產生歧義.
但以「因為」去理解的可能性高一些.
2014年5月3日 星期六
Strong as he was,
問: Strong as he was, he could carry on his back
a load of sixty kilograms at a time. 有無錯?
答:無. 句中的as,是subordinate conjunction (connective), 解「因為」, 可以處在這倒置的位置上.
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