等到…之後；直到…時為止
The identity of the four people was not made public , pending (the)notification of relatives .
四名受害者的身分要等到家屬確認之後才能公開。
Flights were suspended pending (an) investigation of the crash .
墜機事故正待調查，航班暫時取消。
2014年7月10日 星期四
2014年5月19日 星期一
王逢鑫談名詞化1 : 概論
我會用幾篇文章去歸納他的說法.
這篇會談「名詞化」八項要點：
1. 動詞變換為相對應的名詞, 成為一個新的動詞片語的組成部分. 這個名詞可能是具體名詞, 也可能是抽象名詞:
He suggested something to me.
He made a suggestion to me.
First let me introduce myself to you.
First let me make a self-introduction to you.
Her behavior surprised me.
Her behavior gave me a surprise.
Her behavior took me by surprise.
Her behavior was a surprise to me.
He possesses a house.
He is in possession of a house.
2. 變換了的名詞, 要注意它是可數或不可數; 要否加冠詞; 加定冠詞還是不定冠詞; 以及加冠詞還是代名詞所有格:
He will address the meeting this afternoon.
He will make an address at the meeting this afternoon.
John knows Spanish well.
John has a good knowledge of Spanish.
Tom is itching all over.
Tome is suffering from an/the itch all over.
My father has retired.
My father has taken his retirement.
My father has gone into retirement.
3. 變換了的名詞, 前面加上特定的動詞, 包括: have, make, take, give, put, get, become, go, come, keep等常用動詞., 各自保持原有的語義特徵.
have 作為動態性動詞,代表動作的執行或活動的進行:
He walks around the lake every morning.
He has/takes a walk around the lake every morning.
have作為動態性動詞,表示愛憎, 情感和思想活動等:
She disliked her teacher.
She had a great dislike for/of her teacher.
I admire my teacher greatly.
I have great admiration for my teacher.
I do not intend to go to the film.
I have no intention of going to the film.
give 作為動態性動詞, 表示動作或訊息的轉移. 如:
John kicked the door.
John gave the door a kick.
performed twice
gave two performances
described vividly
gave a vivid description
nodded her approval
gave a nod of approval
take, make 作動態動詞, 代表動作的執行或活動的進行:
She immediately disliked her new teacher.
She took an immediate dislike to her new teacher.
apologized for
made/offered an apology for
spoke at
made/gave/delivered a speech
4. preposition 要準確
has greatly influenced
has had/produced a great influence on/upon
His critical writings are highly esteemed.
His critical writings are held in a high esteem.
5. 原來的副詞, 變成了形容詞:
slept soundly
had a sound sleep
explained a problem to..in detail
made an detailed explanation of the problem
兩個副詞變成形容詞時可以連續
recovered rapidly and completely
made a rapid and complete recovery
6. 動詞名詞化, 可能是變成介詞片語
is increasing
is on the increase
7. 表示人的特徵動作, 變為相對應表示動作者的名詞
He paints very well.
He is a very good painter.
8. 有些被動句中的動詞, 名詞化後會有被動涵義:
He was admitted to the university.
He gained admission to the university.
was permitted to
had permission to
He walks around the lake every morning.
He has/takes a walk around the lake every morning.
have作為動態性動詞,表示愛憎, 情感和思想活動等:
She disliked her teacher.
She had a great dislike for/of her teacher.
I admire my teacher greatly.
I have great admiration for my teacher.
I do not intend to go to the film.
I have no intention of going to the film.
give 作為動態性動詞, 表示動作或訊息的轉移. 如:
John kicked the door.
John gave the door a kick.
performed twice
gave two performances
described vividly
gave a vivid description
nodded her approval
gave a nod of approval
take, make 作動態動詞, 代表動作的執行或活動的進行:
She took an immediate dislike to her new teacher.
apologized for
made/offered an apology for
spoke at
made/gave/delivered a speech
4. preposition 要準確
has greatly influenced
has had/produced a great influence on/upon
His critical writings are highly esteemed.
His critical writings are held in a high esteem.
5. 原來的副詞, 變成了形容詞:
slept soundly
had a sound sleep
explained a problem to..in detail
made an detailed explanation of the problem
兩個副詞變成形容詞時可以連續
recovered rapidly and completely
made a rapid and complete recovery
6. 動詞名詞化, 可能是變成介詞片語
is increasing
is on the increase
7. 表示人的特徵動作, 變為相對應表示動作者的名詞
He paints very well.
He is a very good painter.
8. 有些被動句中的動詞, 名詞化後會有被動涵義:
He was admitted to the university.
He gained admission to the university.
was permitted to
had permission to
2014年5月13日 星期二
_________ a daily basis
2 [singular] the way things are organized or arrangedon a regular/permanent/part-time/temporary basison a daily/day-to-day/weekly basis
http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/basis
http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/basis
2014年5月11日 星期日
He is as handsome as I.
為什麼He
is as handsome as I又可以, He is as handsome as me又可以?
第一句I前的as是連接詞，第二句me前的as是介詞。
2014年5月5日 星期一
2014年5月4日 星期日
Like 和 as的分別
Like 和 as的分別
以下句子有無錯?
He
writes just like his brother did when he was young.
有人說,嚴格上來說, like應被as代替:
He
writes as his brother did when he was young.
因為as 是連接詞,但Like是prepositions:
He
writes like his brother.這句便可以.
但事實上, 如以下連結所講, like是可以作conjunction 的:
2014年4月2日 星期三
under...的中譯
Under the law＝在法律之下？
收看電視新聞時，經常可以聽到“在……之下”的句式，如：
1. 在法律之下（under the law）；
2.在協議下（under the agreement）；
3.在該制度下（under the system）；
4.在新措施下（under the new measure）；
5.在憲法下（under the Constitution）。
其實，凡是牽涉到法律、協議、制度、措施等有約束性規定的英文句子，其中所用\"under\"，都不應該照字面翻譯成“在……之下”，而應該根據華文的語文習慣，酌情譯成“根據”、“按照”、“依照”、“依據”等現成的地道華文。上述例子，應改譯為：
1.根據法律；
2.按照協議；
3.根據這個制度；
4.依照新措施；
5.依據憲法。
如果不想變化，一律用“根據”來翻譯也可以。
有時候，英文句子裏根本沒有用\"under\"這個字眼，翻譯員也胡亂套用“在……之下”的句式，翻譯成這樣的華文。
1.The government, on the recommendation of the Ageing Population Committee, has amended the Central Provident Fund Act to relax investment restrictions.
政府在人口老化委員會的建議下，修改《公積金法》，放寬投資限制。
2.The Chinese premier is visiting Singapore at the invitation of Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong.
中國總理在吳作棟總理的邀請下訪問新加坡。
3.At the demand of CIA, the University of Hawaii dismissed Fullerin 1998.
夏威夷大學在中央情報局的要求下，在1998年開除富勒。
上述3個英文例句，都可按照現成的華文句式，而不必套用“在……下”的“翻譯腔”句式，翻譯如下：
1.政府應人口老化委員會的建議，修改《公積金法》，放寬投資限制。
2.中國總理應吳作棟總理的邀請訪問新加坡。
3.夏威夷大學應中央情報局的要求，在1998年開除富勒。
翻譯這類句式時，必須考慮這個翻譯原則：以英譯漢來說，譯者必須擺脫英文句式的約束，依據華文的現成句式或語言習慣，把原文的意思表達出來。譯者必須時時考慮這個問題：“英文的表達方式是如此，華文的表達方式應如何？”然後，譯者必須透徹了解原文，依譯文的文法句式和語言習慣，想出適當的句子加以翻譯。如以上各例所示，英文句式\"under the law\"，應該用現有華文句式“根據法律”來譯，不應另創“翻譯腔”華文“在法律之下”。如果套用這種“翻譯腔”，硬把\'\'The case should be dealt with under the law.\'\'這個英文句，譯成“這個案件應該在法律之下辦理”，不但不合華文習慣，而且也無謂地多用了幾個字，不如譯成“這個案件應依法辦理”來得簡潔順口。
同樣地，再以下列句子為例：
\"I am under order to arrest you,\"the police officer told the suspect.
如果把這句話照“翻譯腔”譯成：警官告訴嫌犯，“我在命令下捉你。”這樣就違反了“英文的表達方式是如此，華文的表達方式應如何”這條翻譯原則。這像不像話呢？正確的華文譯法應該是：
警官告訴嫌犯，“我奉命來捉你。”
陸谷孫主編的《英漢大詞典》在\"law\"的詞條裏，也列了這個例句：
(He was)prosecuted under federal law.”（他是）根據聯邦法被起訴。
“翻譯腔”句式的譯法“在聯邦法之下被起訴”跟上述譯法對比起來，優劣分明，好壞眾知。
Link: http://bigfish.blog.hexun.com.tw/4590943_d.html
收看電視新聞時，經常可以聽到“在……之下”的句式，如：
1. 在法律之下（under the law）；
2.在協議下（under the agreement）；
3.在該制度下（under the system）；
4.在新措施下（under the new measure）；
5.在憲法下（under the Constitution）。
其實，凡是牽涉到法律、協議、制度、措施等有約束性規定的英文句子，其中所用\"under\"，都不應該照字面翻譯成“在……之下”，而應該根據華文的語文習慣，酌情譯成“根據”、“按照”、“依照”、“依據”等現成的地道華文。上述例子，應改譯為：
1.根據法律；
2.按照協議；
3.根據這個制度；
4.依照新措施；
5.依據憲法。
如果不想變化，一律用“根據”來翻譯也可以。
有時候，英文句子裏根本沒有用\"under\"這個字眼，翻譯員也胡亂套用“在……之下”的句式，翻譯成這樣的華文。
1.The government, on the recommendation of the Ageing Population Committee, has amended the Central Provident Fund Act to relax investment restrictions.
政府在人口老化委員會的建議下，修改《公積金法》，放寬投資限制。
2.The Chinese premier is visiting Singapore at the invitation of Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong.
中國總理在吳作棟總理的邀請下訪問新加坡。
3.At the demand of CIA, the University of Hawaii dismissed Fullerin 1998.
夏威夷大學在中央情報局的要求下，在1998年開除富勒。
上述3個英文例句，都可按照現成的華文句式，而不必套用“在……下”的“翻譯腔”句式，翻譯如下：
1.政府應人口老化委員會的建議，修改《公積金法》，放寬投資限制。
2.中國總理應吳作棟總理的邀請訪問新加坡。
3.夏威夷大學應中央情報局的要求，在1998年開除富勒。
翻譯這類句式時，必須考慮這個翻譯原則：以英譯漢來說，譯者必須擺脫英文句式的約束，依據華文的現成句式或語言習慣，把原文的意思表達出來。譯者必須時時考慮這個問題：“英文的表達方式是如此，華文的表達方式應如何？”然後，譯者必須透徹了解原文，依譯文的文法句式和語言習慣，想出適當的句子加以翻譯。如以上各例所示，英文句式\"under the law\"，應該用現有華文句式“根據法律”來譯，不應另創“翻譯腔”華文“在法律之下”。如果套用這種“翻譯腔”，硬把\'\'The case should be dealt with under the law.\'\'這個英文句，譯成“這個案件應該在法律之下辦理”，不但不合華文習慣，而且也無謂地多用了幾個字，不如譯成“這個案件應依法辦理”來得簡潔順口。
同樣地，再以下列句子為例：
\"I am under order to arrest you,\"the police officer told the suspect.
如果把這句話照“翻譯腔”譯成：警官告訴嫌犯，“我在命令下捉你。”這樣就違反了“英文的表達方式是如此，華文的表達方式應如何”這條翻譯原則。這像不像話呢？正確的華文譯法應該是：
警官告訴嫌犯，“我奉命來捉你。”
陸谷孫主編的《英漢大詞典》在\"law\"的詞條裏，也列了這個例句：
(He was)prosecuted under federal law.”（他是）根據聯邦法被起訴。
“翻譯腔”句式的譯法“在聯邦法之下被起訴”跟上述譯法對比起來，優劣分明，好壞眾知。
Link: http://bigfish.blog.hexun.com.tw/4590943_d.html
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