2014年6月25日 星期三

How to circulate the minutes?

http://themeetingminutes.com/how-to-circulate-the-minutes/


A few things to bear in mind with the email you are sending:
  1. Subject – the subject should be “Minutes of {name} meeting held on {date}”
  2. Body – in the body of the email you should write:
    Please find attached / below the minutes of the {name} meeting held on {date} at {location}.
    Please read the minutes and if you have any questions regarding them please contact me before {date}.
  3. Attach the minutes – you can either do this with a document link (to a Google Document), as part of the body of the email (in text) or as a PDF file (attachment).  It is never a good idea to send the minutes as a Microsoft Word document (or similar format). This is because not everyone has Microsoft Word or if they do they might have different versions. A PDF file or a Google Document is a much better, universally readable, alternative.

Dean Professor or Dean and Professor

http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/180501/dean-professor-or-dean-and-professor?noredirect=1#comment374650_180501

If someone, called John, for example, has two titles that include Dean and Professor, which of the following expressions is better?
  1. Dean Professor John visits Oxford University.
  2. Dean and Professor John visits Oxford University.


best answer: 


Use one or the other. In English, we do not say "Herr Dekan Professor Doktor Johann", like they do in German. I would suggest using whichever capacity is related to his visit. –  Peter Shor 12 hours ago 

fortuitous

fortuitous

adjective     /fɔːˈtjuː.ɪ.təs/ US  /fɔːrˈtuː.ə.t̬əs/ formal
  (of something that is to your advantage) not plannedhappening by chance
(有利的事)偶然發生的,碰巧的
The timing of the meeting is certainly fortuitous.
這顯然是不期而遇。
The collapse of its rivals brought fortuitous gains to the company.
競爭對手的倒閉給這間公司帶來了意外的盈利。
fortuitously     /fɔːˈtjuː.ɪ.tə.sli/ US  

2014年6月24日 星期二

hindsight / In hindsight,

the ability to understand an event or situation only after it has happened
後見之明,事後孔明


With (the benefit/wisdom of) hindsight, I should have taken the job.
現在想想,我真應該接受那份工作。
In hindsight, it would have been better to wait.
事後看來,等一等會更好。

2014年6月22日 星期日

adverbs 和adverbial 有何分別??

  • "Adverbs and adverbials are similar but not the same. Though they share the same modifying function, their characters are different. An adverbial is asentence element or functional category. It is a part of a sentence that performs a certain function. An adverb, on the other hand, is a type of word or part of speech. We can say that an adverb may serve as an adverbial, but an adverbial is not necessarily an adverb."
    (M. Strumpf and A. Douglas, The Grammar Bible. Owl, 2004)


present participle2


【问】 您在前面说过, 分词短语充当状语时, 其逻辑主语应当是句子的语法主语。为什么
下面的句子不符合这种要求?

Broa dl y sp ea king , adjec tives a r e word s tha t qu alify nouns .( FWF )
粗略地说, 形容词是修饰名词的词。
【答】 关于这种句型, 张道真教授编著的《实用英语语法》说:“间或可以用一个分词短语
来解释整个一句话。”章振邦等主编的《新编英语语法》只是说“ gen e ra lly sp eaking ,
judging f rom . . ., ta lking of . . ., ass uming . . .等等已经成为固定用语, ”而没有作进一步的
解释。Ox f or d En gl ish 则作了如下的解释: 当分词短语的逻辑主语可以理解为one 或
p eople 时, 则分词短语的逻辑主语可以与句子的语法主语不一致。例如:

1 . J ud ging f rom his ap pe arance, h e ca n􊳰t be ove r for ty .
从他的外貌来看, 他不可能超过40 岁。

2 . T a k in g every thing into consid er at ion , you we r e luc ky to esca pe .
从各方面考虑, 你能逃离真是幸运。

3 . Gen er al l y s pe ak ing , boys a re mor e int er est ed in su ch ac tivi ties t ha n gir ls .
一般说来男孩对这种活动的兴趣比女孩子的大。(《实用英语语法》)

上面的分词短语分别相当于“ If one judg es . . .”,“ If on e ta k es . . .”,“ If one sp eak s . . .”。

A Com preh ensiv e Grammar o f the Engl ish L an guag e( § 15 .59 ) 对于这种分词短语
的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的现象作了更为详细的阐述。作者们提出了四种情况:

A .分词短语隐含的主语常常是I :

Putt ing i t mi ldl y , you h ave cau sed u s some inconvenien ce .
说得温和一些, 你给我们造成了一些不便。

B .分词短语隐含的主语是整个句子:

Th e si r en s ounde d , in dicat in g tha t the ai r r aid was ove r . [ “ . . . whic h indica te d
th at . . .”] ( CGEL)
警报响起来了, 证明空袭结束了。

C .分词短语隐含的主语是不定代词或支持词it :

Wh en dining in t he res ta ur ant , a jac ke t a nd tie a r e re qui re d .[“Wh en one din es . . .”]
( CGEL )
在饭店吃饭, 必须穿西服系领带。

D .在正式的科学论著中, 分词短语隐含的主语是I , we 或you ( 即作者或读者) :

Whe n treating p at ient s wi th la nguag e r et a rda tion a nd d evia tion of l angua ge
dev elopme nt , th e t he r apy consists , in pa r t , of disc us sions of th e p at ient􊳰s probl ems
with pa r ent s a nd t each e rs , with subsequ ent langu age teac hing car ri ed out by th em .
( CGEL)

2014年6月21日 星期六

究竟participle phrase是adjectival 定adverbial?

睇呢到:http://forum.wordreference.com/showthread.php?t=2725235

http://connect.rrc.ca/Instructors/mrochon/Shared%20Documents/fog-u15.htm

答案是adverbial.

What are adverbials?

BBC的解釋:

adverbials answer questions such as:
Where?When?How?Why?
How often?How long?How much?


http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/learnit/learnitv279.shtml


WIkipedia 的解釋:
In grammar an adverbial is a word (an adverb) or a group of words (an adverbial phrase or an adverbial clause) that modifies or tells us something about the sentence or theverb. (The word adverbial itself is also used as an adjective, meaning "having the same function as an adverb".) Look at the examples below:
Danny speaks fluently. (telling more about the verb)
Lorna ate breakfast yesterday morning. (telling when the verb's action occurred)

The form of adverbials[edit]

In English, adverbials most commonly take the form of adverbs, adverb phrases, temporal noun phrases or prepositional phrases. Many types of adverbials (for instance reason and condition) are often expressed by clauses.
James answered immediately. (adverb)
James answered in English. (prepositional phrase)
James answered this morning. (noun phrase)
James answered in English because he had a foreign visitor. (adverbial clause)
An adverbial is a construction that modifies, or describes, verbs. When an adverbial modifies a verb, it changes the meaning of that verb. Word groups that are also considered to be adverbials can also modify verbs: for example, a prepositional phrase, a noun phrase, a finite clause or a non-finite clause.[1]
In every sentence pattern, the adverbial is a clause element that tells where, when, why, or how. There can be more than one adverbial in a sentence. In addition, the same adverbial can be moved to different positions in a sentence.
One way to analyze sentence structure is to think in terms of form and function. Form refers to a word class—such as noun, verb, adjective, adverb, and preposition—as well as types of phrases, such as prepositional phrase, nominal clause, and adverbial clause. Function refers to the function of the form in a sentence. For example, the function of a prepositional phrase in a sentence may be adverbial; that is, it modifies a verb.

Types of adverbials that form sentence elements[edit]

Adverbials are typically divided into four classes:
adverbial complements (i.e. obligatory adverbial) are adverbials that render a sentence ungrammatical and meaningless if removed.
John put the flowers in a vase.
adjuncts: these are part of the core meaning of the sentence, but if omitted still leave a meaningful sentence.
John and Sophia helped me with my homework.
conjuncts: these link two sentences together.
John helped so I was, therefore, able to do my homework.
disjuncts: these make comments on the meaning of the rest of the sentence.
Surprisingly, he passed all of his exams.





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbial



2014年6月20日 星期五

relating to vs related to


answer: 

relating to直接有關

related to間接有關

---------------------------------------

These two words are close, and in most cases, they are interchangeable.

However, I think there is a subtle difference between the two, one I can't readily support with a good source at the moment.

"Related to" only means that there is some kind of connection while "relating to" indicates something that is about the topic.

For instance, if I asked for websites relating to english.stackexchange.com, I might expect to get meta.english.stackexchange.com, maybe some news articles that cover the site, and a blog entry by a founder.

If I asked for websites related to english.stackexchange.com, I would expect to receive those same sites listed above, but I would also expect to see other SE network websites, other English-learner websites, and perhaps other Q&A type sites.





Cambridge dictionary


relate to sb/sth
— phrasal verb with relate /rɪˈleɪt/ verb [T]
› to be connected to, or to be about someone or something
涉及;與…相關;有關
Chapter nine relates to the effects of inflation on consumers.
第九章的內容是關於通貨膨脹對消費者的影響的。

relating to
› connected with something
有關,關於;涉及
Anything relating to maths is a complete mystery to me.
和數學有關的任何東西對我來說都完全是天書。

relate to sb
— phrasal verb with relate /rɪˈleɪt/ verb [T]
›  to understand someone and be able to have a friendly relationship with them
理解(某人);體恤(某人)
Many parents find it hard to relate to their children when they are teenagers.
很多父母感到,當孩子到了十幾歲的時候,就很難理解他們了。

2014年6月19日 星期四

strike a delicate balance

求取一 個審

取得微 妙的

求得微


inundate

 /ˈɪn.ʌn.deɪt/ 

to give someone so much work or so many things that they cannot deal with them all
使應接不暇
We have been inundated with requests for help.
求助申請多得讓我們應接不暇。

2014年6月18日 星期三

field

領域

recognized and respected

I think the statutory status of Chinese medicine practitioners musbe recognized and respected


至 於中醫 師 的法定地位 , 本 人 認 為 必 須 受  確 認和尊 重 。 

mark the beginning of



According to the Chinese Lunar calendar, this is the last meeting of the Legislative Council in Gengyin year and next week will mark the beginning of Xinmao year. 

林健鋒議員:主席,正所謂“光陰似箭”,以農曆年計算,今天的議 經是庚寅 年的最後一次立法會會議,而下星期,我們便即將踏入辛 卯年。 

This meeting will mark the beginning of the postreferendum negotiations. 

这次着全民投票后谈 开始。

Layla marked the beginnings of the women's press in Iraq, and the magazine is credited with being one of the factors in [...]

Layla》 伊拉克女性杂志的开端,这 本杂志被列入阿拉伯妇女运动出现的因素之一。


It can be envisaged that

/ɪnˈvɪz.ɪdʒ/

It can be envisaged that 

可以預計,

core courses

1. 必修課程

Under the RME Rules, post-1990 principals are required to complete all principal's core courses in their first practice year from 14 March 2003 to 31 March 2004.

根據風險管理教育規則,1990年以後的 主管必須在2003年 3月 14日至2004年 3 月 31日其首個執業年度內完成所 有主管必修課程。

2. 核心課程

The curricula for these core courses have been centrally developed and are common among course providers. A wide array of [...]

各式各樣的選修單元則 由院校各自 發展,內容以實用為主,範圍廣泛,以迎合學員不同的興 趣和性向。

electives

1. 選修科目

should be offered more elective subjects in S4 and be guided to select two or three electives to focus on in S5 and S6.

為擴闊學生的知識基礎,我們建議學校在中四級為學生提供較多的選修科 目,並引導他們在中五及中六集中選讀兩至三 門 選修科目 

2. 選修單元

successful completion of two electives under PYJ (if a student who enrols in PYJ have successfully completed one or two quality-assured piloting course(s) in a related study area, he will only be required to study seven core modules plus one elective (instead of three electives) under PYJ). 

功修畢兩科毅進計劃選修單如學生成修畢一個 或兩個通過質素保證程序的試 點課程,報讀相關學習範 疇的毅進課程,有關學生在毅進課程下只須 修 讀7 個必 單元及1個選修單元,而無須讀3 選 修單 元)


further

1 as a verb
 to develop or make progres in something改進;推進;增進He has probably done more to further the cause of interracial harmony than any otherperson.在推進種族和諧方面他可能比其他人做的都要多。Additional training is probably the best way to further your career these days.如今額外的訓練可能是推進你事業發展的最佳途徑。
2.as an adverb
 comparative of far; to a greater distance or degree; at a more advanced level(far 的比較級)更遠地,在更大程度上;進一步地I'm afraid I never got further than the first five pages of 'Ulysses'.恐怕我看《尤利西斯》從未超過開頭的五頁,之後就看不下去了。We discussed the problem but we didn't get much further in actually solving it.我們討論了這個問題,但在實際解決方面沒有取得多大進展。The whole matter is further complicated by the fact that Amanda and Jo refuse tospeak to each other.阿曼達和喬彼此拒絕說話,使得整個事件更加複雜了。Every day she sinks further and further into depression.她一天天地消沈下去。

further

1 as a verb
 to develop or make progres in something
改進;推進;增進
He has probably done more to further the cause of interracial harmony than any otherperson.
在推進種族和諧方面他可能比其他人做的都要多。
Additional training is probably the best way to further your career these days.
如今額外的訓練可能是推進你事業發展的最佳途徑。

2.as an adverb

further

2014年6月17日 星期二

Appositive=同位語


copied: http://englishwizard.mysinablog.com/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=1933420


1.          Appositive=同位語

2.          An appositive is a noun (or a noun phrase or noun clause) which follows a noun (or a pronoun or noun phrase or noun clause) and describes it. (簡單說,同位語就是在一個名詞之後的名詞,後一個名詞用來說明前一個名詞。不過,上文的「名詞」可以是noun也可以是noun phrase或noun clause,見英文解釋。)

3.          A simple appositive is an epithet(綽號) like Alexander the Great. (the Great 是Alexander的同位語。)

4.          Appositives are often set off by commas from their antecedents. (通常用comma將同位語和前述語分開。)

5.          說B是A的同位語→B is in apposition with A.

6.          請看以下例子:

 l   MaoTai Wine (茅台酒), a powerful Chinese drink

l   We visited the home of William Shakespeare, (the) author of Romeo and Juliet. (the可用亦可省略)
(The italicized portion is the appositive.)

l   My manager, (the)supervisor of the entire accounting function, can’t add or subtract. (我的經理身為會計部主管卻連加減數都不懂。題外話,你可以做個實驗,同位語和他的前述詞一定可以用be改寫,例如這句可以My manager is the supervisor of the entire accounting function but he can’t add or subtract.)

l   He has expressed his position on alcohol, total abstinence, to the entire staff. (他已向全體員工表明對酒的立場:完全戒飲。)

l   The systems engineer, Tony Cheung, explained everything to the customer with enough jargon to justify our billing. (系統工稅師Tony Cheung用很多外人不明白的行內術語來向客戶解釋,藉此證明賬單的錢收得有理。)廣義而言

l   在the idea that the government would change its policy,that-clause 裡that以後的字和idea也可看作有同位關係。

l   在the city of Hong Kong,the disgrace of losing the contest和the honour of winning the contest裡,of-phrase 裡of以後的字與前述詞也可看作有同位關係:即Hong Kong is in apposition with the city. Losing the contest is in apposition with the honour