present participle2

【问】 您在前面说过, 分词短语充当状语时, 其逻辑主语应当是句子的语法主语。为什么
下面的句子不符合这种要求?

Broa dl y sp ea king , adjec tives a r e word s tha t qu alify nouns .( FWF )
粗略地说, 形容词是修饰名词的词。
【答】 关于这种句型, 张道真教授编著的《实用英语语法》说:“间或可以用一个分词短语
来解释整个一句话。”章振邦等主编的《新编英语语法》只是说“ gen e ra lly sp eaking ,
judging f rom . . ., ta lking of . . ., ass uming . . .等等已经成为固定用语, ”而没有作进一步的
解释。Ox f or d En gl ish 则作了如下的解释: 当分词短语的逻辑主语可以理解为one 或
p eople 时, 则分词短语的逻辑主语可以与句子的语法主语不一致。例如:

1 . J ud ging f rom his ap pe arance, h e ca n􊳰t be ove r for ty .
从他的外貌来看, 他不可能超过40 岁。

2 . T a k in g every thing into consid er at ion , you we r e luc ky to esca pe .
从各方面考虑, 你能逃离真是幸运。

3 . Gen er al l y s pe ak ing , boys a re mor e int er est ed in su ch ac tivi ties t ha n gir ls .
一般说来男孩对这种活动的兴趣比女孩子的大。(《实用英语语法》)

上面的分词短语分别相当于“ If one judg es . . .”,“ If on e ta k es . . .”,“ If one sp eak s . . .”。

A Com preh ensiv e Grammar o f the Engl ish L an guag e( § 15 .59 ) 对于这种分词短语
的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的现象作了更为详细的阐述。作者们提出了四种情况:

A .分词短语隐含的主语常常是I :

Putt ing i t mi ldl y , you h ave cau sed u s some inconvenien ce .
说得温和一些, 你给我们造成了一些不便。

B .分词短语隐含的主语是整个句子:

Th e si r en s ounde d , in dicat in g tha t the ai r r aid was ove r . [ “ . . . whic h indica te d
th at . . .”] ( CGEL)
警报响起来了, 证明空袭结束了。

C .分词短语隐含的主语是不定代词或支持词it :

Wh en dining in t he res ta ur ant , a jac ke t a nd tie a r e re qui re d .[“Wh en one din es . . .”]
( CGEL )
在饭店吃饭, 必须穿西服系领带。

D .在正式的科学论著中, 分词短语隐含的主语是I , we 或you ( 即作者或读者) :

Whe n treating p at ient s wi th la nguag e r et a rda tion a nd d evia tion of l angua ge
dev elopme nt , th e t he r apy consists , in pa r t , of disc us sions of th e p at ient􊳰s probl ems
with pa r ent s a nd t each e rs , with subsequ ent langu age teac hing car ri ed out by th em .
( CGEL)

究竟participle phrase是adjectival 定adverbial?

睇呢到:http://forum.wordreference.com/showthread.php?t=2725235

http://connect.rrc.ca/Instructors/mrochon/Shared%20Documents/fog-u15.htm

答案是adverbial.

dangling modifier

Though normally completed in one year on a full-time basis, allowances are made to extend that  to 30 months to assist students who may need to juggle various other commitments.

以上句子有咩錯?

錯在:The problem is the dangling participle. The writer presumably means that the course is normally completed in one year, but the way they have constructed the sentence implies that allowances are normally completed in that time.

正確是:Though normally completed in one year on a full-time basis, if necessary they can be extended to 30 months to assist students who may need to juggle various other commitments.