the best作表語與定語

the25
the worst/ worst


【问】 “ Is Jac k a good stud ent ?”
“ No . He is in our clas s .”
A. b ad B. wor se
C. wor st D. th e wors t ( 攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题, 80B)
标准答案为D( th e wor st ) , 但我认为C (wors t ) 也是对的, 请对比:
Ann a is ( the ) young est ( of al l ) .( CGE L)


【答】 如果没有“ I s Jack a good stud ent ? 这一问话, 那么,“ He is worst in ou r clas s .”可以
看作是正确的句子, 因为wor st 在句中充当表语( 充当表语的形容词最高级前的定冠词
可以省略, 见the best/ best) 。但是, 在上面的语境中, 只有“ He is the wor st in our clas s .”
才是正确的。因为在这里wors t 充当的是定语( 省略了中心词stude nt ) , 而充当定语的形
容词最高级前的定冠词是不能省略的。

很好的英文文法工作紙網頁 (適合小學)

http://www.k12reader.com/worksheet/object-pronouns-2/

it is no use + gerund

It is no use crying over spilled milk.

It is customary for

It is customary for the women to sit apart . 按習俗，婦女要分開坐

 you're customarily not expected to pay. 

It is crucial that ....

[+ that] It is crucial that the problem is tackled immediately.

It seems that

用于it seems (appears) that…句式。如：

It seems that he knows everything. 他好像什么都知道。

It appears that we may be mistaken. 看来我们可能弄错了。

但是，英语一般不说it looks that…，可改用it looks as if…。如：

It looks as if we’ll be late. 我们似乎要迟到了。

it follows that…句式。

it follows that…句式。如：

He is wrong, but it does not follow thatyou are right. 他错了，但并不能由此推断你是对的。

She’s not in the office but it doesn’t necessarily follow that she’s ill. 她不在办公室, 并不见得就是病了。

(It is) no wonder( that) …

 (It is) no wonder( that) … 

It’s no wonder he is not hungry; he has been eating sweets all day. 难怪他不饿，他整天在吃糖果。

it struck sb that...句式

it struck sb that...句式

It struck sb that…是英语中一个很有用的句式，其意为“某人突然感到（觉得）……”。句首的 it 可视为形式主语。如：

It struck me that she had come to borrow money. 我忽然想起她是来借钱的。

It struck her that she ought to make a new plan. 她突然想起她应当拟一个新计划。

It struck me that nobody was in favour of the change. 我突然感到没有人赞成这种改变。

有时也和一般现在时。如：

It strikes me Jim is a nice lad. 我觉得吉姆是一个好小伙子。

类似的还有：It occurred to him that…。如：

It suddenly occurred to him that this was an act he could never do. 他突然想到这是他绝不能做的一件事。

注意，有时用于否定句。如：

It never occurred to her to ask anyone. 她从未想到问问他人。

It happens that...“碰巧……”

It happened that…是英语中一个很有用的句式，其意为“碰巧……”。句首的 it 可视为形式主语。如：

It happened that the ferry service was canceled. 碰巧渡船服务取消了。

It happened that her parents were both out.  有时刚好她父母会同时不在家。

It happened that the harvest was bad that year. 恰好那年收成不好。

It happened that I had driven that kind of car before. 碰巧我过去曾开过那种汽车。

It happened that I was standing next to him when he collapsed. 他倒下的时候我恰巧站在他旁边。

类似的结构还有：it chanced that…。如：

It chanced that the man was a doctor. 那男人碰巧是位医生。

It chanced that she was in when he called. 他打电话时碰巧她在家。

It happened / chanced that she spoke fluent Swahili. 偏巧她很会说斯瓦希里语。

为加强语气，so 常与 happen / chance 连用。如：

It so happened / chanced that I’d met her a few years before. 碰巧我几年前见过她。

It goes without saying that

肯定地..

It occurs to me that…

本單元的提供同學表達「突然暸解」「突然領悟」的各種表達方式。

It occurs to me that…

occur 為「發生」之意，occur to則是「使想起」「在心中出現」的意思。

e.g. It never occurred to me that my friends spoke ill behind my back.

我怎麼也沒想到我的朋友會在背後說我的壞話。

e.g. Crossing the park, I noticed that the tree leaves were turning gold. It occurred to me that the autumn has come.

當我走過公園，我注意到樹葉已經變成金黃色。我突然明白原來已經秋天了。

e.g. It did not occur to her that his kind gesture could be taken as a flattering act.

她沒有想到她表示善意卻被當成拍馬屁。

It crosses my mind that…

e.g. When I was playing the piano last night, it crossed my mind that piano is my lifelong passion.

昨晚當我在彈鋼琴時，突然間我暸解，鋼琴是我終生的熱愛。

e.g. An idea crossed my mind that I might as well pay a visit to my elementary school teachers; they would be very delighted to see me.

我突然想到，我應當多去探訪小學老師，他們見到我應該會很高興。

e.g. An old friend crossed my mind several times today, so I decided to give him a phone call.

source: http://news.sina.com.tw/books/know/barticle/3314.html

It dawned on me that...

When the day dawns, it happens slowly, --as darkness disappears and sunlight slowly pervades all around. 

In the same way, when the meaning of some statement or some truth slowly becomes clear to you, you may say, "Then it dawned on me... that she was not my freind, she was cheating me, I am actually being tricked, !" etc.

the19 the King and Queen

【问】 The King a nd Q uee n h av e visit ed t he exhibit ion .请问Quee n 之前为什么省略定冠
词th e ?

【答】 英语里有这么一条规则: 当两个或两个以上的人或事物被看作是一起活动时, 除第
一个名词使用冠词之外, 其余的名词都可以把定冠词th e 省略掉:
1. T h e cat , dog , and p ar rot seem to g et along ve ry well wit h one a noth e r .
猫、狗和鹦鹉似乎彼此相处得很好。
2. T h e bo ys and gi rls a r e educa te d toge the r .
男孩和女孩一起受教育。
但是, 当把两个或两个以上的人或事物单独考虑时, 则每个名词最好都用定冠词:
T he re d , the whi te, and the blue cloth s and n a pkin s a r e ke pt in diff

the18 the John Lennon

【问】 人的姓名作为专有名词, 其前是不能加定冠词的。但下列句中的姓名前却加了定
冠词, 这是怎么回事? You don􊳰t mea n th e Pro f essor H ar t ?

【答】 放在姓名前的定冠词有时是表示“知名的”、“ 著名的”的意思。例如:

1. A: I u se d to know John Le nnon quit e well .
B: Sur ely you ca n􊳰t mea n the John Le nnon ?
A: 我过去就和约翰· 列农很熟。
B: 想必你不是说那位著名的约翰· 列农吧?

2.“Sh e is a dis ta nt r elat ive of H enry Ford .”
“ I s sh e , indeed ? T he He nry Ford ?”
“Yes, th e H enry Ford .”

the16 the hand/ his hand

【问】 Th e b asilis k liza rd ca n run
A
on th e
B
hind le gs at
C
sp eeds up to
D
seve n miles pe r
hou r . ( TOEFL , 83 .5 )
我看不出上面判错题中的B ( th e ) 有什么错误。《高分托福文法》( p .63 ) 解释说:
“ 改为i ts。因为‘ 后腿( hind le ges ) ’, 是属于‘ 蜥蜴( liza rd )’的一部分。”但是, 我从
教科书上学到: 在表身体部位的名词之前通常使用定冠词th e。例如, He took h er
by the h and .( ALD) I caught him by the s hould er .

【答】 定冠词或物主代词与表身体部位的名词连用的问题是一个很难回答的问题。语言学家们对此尚未做出完全令人满意的总结。但是, 这个问题是托福考试多次考核的内
容, 因此不得不试着回答一下。

当表示身体部位的名词充当介词的宾语, 并且前面有身体部位的所有者充当直接宾
语时, 常常使用定冠词th e , 而不使用物主代词my , his , you r 等。例如:

1. Th ey pull ed h er by the h ai r .( CGE L) 他们扯着她的头发。
2. I pa t t ed hi m on the s hould er .( PEG) 我拍了拍他的肩膀。
3. Th e ston e hit th e bo y on the h ead . 石头打中了孩子的头部。

从上面的例句可以看出, 在这里使用th e 有两个限制: 一是t he + 名词必须是介词的
宾语, 二是其前必须有身体部位所有者充当宾语。在其他情况下, 就必须使用物主代词,
因此所提到的托福题中的th e 必须改为i ts。下面的例子可进一步证明这一点:
1. I s hook his ha nd . 我跟他握了手。
2. He􊳰s b roke n his leg .( CGE L) 他摔断了腿。

有的语言学家特别强调指出: 当身体部位与直接宾语所表示的人或事物无关时, 就
必须使用物主代词:
Sh e throws th e ba ll wit h her lef t h and .( CGEL) 她用左手掷球。
还有一点是应当在这里补充指出的, 就是学生经常问: 像I shook him by the h and .
这类结构中的the 能否用his 来代替? R .Q ui rk 等是这样回答的: 常常是可能的, 尽管有
时候不大符合英语习惯。接着他们列举了几个正确例句: I shook him by his h and . He
kisse d h e r on her c hee k . S he p at t ed him on his shoulde r .

名詞化練習3

21 The enemy troops withdrew hastily.

> The enemy troops made a hasty withdrawl  withdrawel.

22. The Minister of Education spoke at the meeting yesterday.

>The Minister of Education gave/made/delivered  a speech at the meeting yesterday.

23. I’ll ring you tomorrow morning.

>give you a ring

24. We must allow for the fact that she is blind.

>make allowance(s)  for

25. They permitted him to leave early.

>grant/gave permission to him

26. Careless driving can damage your car extensively.

>cause extensive damage

27. I’ll wash up and you can dry.

>have a wash-up  do the washing-up ….do the drying

28. He solemnly promised never to touch another drop of alcohol.
>made a solemn promise

29. He was very courteously received by the ambassador.

>was given a very courteous receival reception by the ambassador

30. Would you mind attending to what I’m saying?

>paying attention to what ..

the15 the five of us/ five of us

【问】 Thr ee of Ar chimede􊳰s ext ant wor ks a re d evot ed to plan e ge omet ry .
[ 原译] 阿基米德现存的三部著作都是献给平面几何的。( 语法)
从译文看, 阿基米德现存的著作似乎只有三部, 原文是这个意思吗?

【答】 原文完全没有这样的意思。要知道, 在数词之前有无定冠词th e , 意思是不同的。
F ive o f us visit ed the school .
我们当中有五个人参观了这所学校(“ 我们”的总数超过五个) 。
T h e f i ve o f us visi ted th e sc hool .
我们五个人参观了这所学校(“我们”的总数恰好是五个) 。
在你所引用的句子里, 在thr ee 之前没有用定冠词the , 说明阿基米德现存的著作不
止是“三部”。
[ 试译] 阿基米德现存的著作中有三本书是专讲平面几何的。

the14 the English

【问】 《英语惯用法大辞典》( 中国科技出版社, 1994 , p .684 ) :“ English 作名词时, 作‘ 英格
兰人’解, 也泛指全部英国人。”

既然English 可以用作名词, 作“ 英格兰人”解, 为什么不可以说: He is a n Englis h ?
另一个问题是: 用作名词的Englis h 本身能够“泛指全部英国人”吗?

【答】 由于t he English 是指( 作为一个民族的) 英国人, 所以我国出版的许多辞书都将这
里的Engl is h 看作是名词( 英国人) , 例如《新英汉辞典》、《远东英汉大辞典》、《现代英语用法词典》等。但是, 如果把th e English 中的Englis h 看作是名词, 就会出现许多无法解释
的问题。例如: 在My f aht e r is English .这个句子里, 既然Englis h 是名词, 那么, 为什么
其前不能加不定冠词a n ? 还有, 既然English 是名词, 为什么the English 总是指作为一
个民族的英国人, 而不能用来指一个特定的英国人? 由此可以看出, 这里的English 并不
具有名词的语法特征。那么它是个什么词呢? 它是个形容词!

大家知道, 有些形容词加上定冠词, 可以表示一类人或一类事物, 例如, the poor ( 穷
人) , th e young ( 年轻人) , th e old( 老年人) , th e un employ ed ( 失业者) , the e xploit ed ( 被剥
削者) , the good ( 好的东西) , t he impossible ( 不可能的事情) , th e un known ( 未知事物) 。
如同th e poor , the e xploit ed 是指一类人, 而不是指个体的人一样, t he Englis h 也是只能
指作为一个民族的英国人, 而不能指个体的英国人。把它看作是形容词, 这就自然而然
地回答了你的第二个问题: 单单English 本身不能泛指全部英国人, 就如同poor , young
本身不能泛指作为群体的“ 穷人”,“ 年轻人”一样。

把t he English 中的Englis h 说成是形容词, 并不是我们的独特见解, 许多英语辞书
都是这么解释的, 例如ALD 和CGE L。后者把th e English 中的English 这类词称为用作
名词短语中心词的形容词( adject ives as h eads of noun phr ases ) 。对于the Fr en ch , t he
Dut ch , t he I ris h , th e Wels h , th e Br it ish 可以作同样的解释。(

the12 the blue or the green dress

the12
the blue or the green dress
【问】 I don􊳰t know wh eth er I pr ef er t he blu e or gr een dres s .这个句子有毛病吗?

【答】 当用表示选择关系的or 来连接名词时, or 后面的名词不能与or 前面的名词共用
一个定冠词, 而必须重复定冠词: . . .the blue or th e gr een dr ess。
Do you want to buy sea ts in the orc hes t r a or th e balc ony ? ( FWF )
您要买正厅的还是包厢的座票?

the9 the best/ best, most

the9
the best/ best
【问】 His work is th e best . His work is b est .哪个用法正确? 我们班上同学对此争论
不休。

【答】 首先应当明确, 这两个用法都是正确的。至于带定冠词的用法与不带定冠词的用
法在意义上有无区别, 则语言学家们的解释是不尽相同的。R .Qui rk 等人认为这两种用法并没有区别。他们说:“如果形容词不起定语作用, the 就可有可无”:

1. Anna is ( th e ) youngest ( of all ) . 安娜是最年轻的。

2. Della is ( the ) mos t efficient ( of all ) .(CGEL) 德拉是最有能力的。

他们同时指出, 当形容词表示评价性意思时, 如果most 结构不带定指限定词, 则意
义总是含糊不清的, 既可以理解为最高级, 也可以理解为强化语( 参见most) :

Della is mo st eff icie nt .( th e most e ff icie nt of al l 或ext r emely efficient )

A .S .H ornby 则认为这两种用法在表达上有细微的差别。他说:“ 用定冠词可使该
句中的意思更直接, 更准确。如果说His work is b est .我们只是把他的工作和其他人的工作一并考虑。如果说His work is the b est .我们则是把他的工作从他与其他人的工作中挑选出来。”

1. We lik e him the best of a ll .(Ch amb er s )
所有的人之中我们最喜欢他。

2. T he p er son who wor ks the har d est s hould r eceive th e gr eat est r ewa rd .( Wood)
工作最努力的人应该获得最高的报酬。

3. Which of these f lower s do you lik e the best ? (Wood )
这些花你最喜欢哪一朵?

most

【问】 Th e police h ad a di ff icul t time , but t hey we r e most amuse d . ( New Concep t
Engl ish , Book 2 , L .65 )


most 在这里是构成形容词的最高级吗?

【答】 most 除了用于构成形容词和副词的最高级之外, 还可以用作形容词和副词的加强语, 其语义相当于“ v ery”或“ ext r emely”(“ 很”、“极其”) 。例如:

1 . ecognizing who th e c ustomer was , t he ma na ge r was most apolog et ic a nd
r ep rima nd ed the as sista nt sev er ely .( New Conce pt En gl ish , Book 3 , L .31)
经理认出顾客是谁, 表示非常抱歉, 并狠狠地斥责了店员。
2 . hey h ave b een most kind to me .(Be nne t )
他们对我很好。

the7 play the piano/ play piano

【问】 Alice is fond of pla ying pia no w hile Hen ry is int er est ed in liste ning to
music .
A. ( 不填) ; th e B. ( 不填) ; ( 不填)
C. th e; ( 不填) D. the ; th e ( 全国高考英语试题, 1989 )

答案为C。但听一位美国老师说, 选B 也是对的。这使我感到很惊讶。各类标准
化英语考试都特别强调: 在表示乐器的名词( 如piano ) 之前必须加定冠词。


【答】 这类考试忽略了英语的发展以及美国英语的用法。请看John East wood 在
O x f or d Guide to Engl ish Grammar ( 1997 年版) 中的论述:
“ Th e Br it ish use the wi th a musical inst rume nt ( pla y the piano ) , but Ame r ica ns
some times leav e i t out ( p la y piano) .”
[“英国人在表示乐器的名词之前使用th e ( play th e piano ) , 但是美国人有时省略这
个th e ( pla y pia no) 。”]

the6 【问】

the6
【问】
Tr adit ional ly , th e Pr eside nt of the Unit ed St at es is a

A
civilia n; so i t is al l th emore r ema r ka ble
B
th at t he Gen e ra l Eisenhower
C
should h av e ac hie ved
D
an ov ererwhelming major ity in t he elect ion .( TOEFL)
请分析上句中的错误。

【答】 通过这道试题我们可以掌握使用冠词的一条规则: 带有称号的人名一般是不用冠
词的。例如:

Profes sor Brown Dr Smith
Gove rnor Nelson Gen e ral MacAr thur

名詞化練習２

名詞化練習２

11. He delights in teasing his little sister.

>take delights (a) delight in

[注: delight 係 uncountable, a feeling of great pleasure]

12. Shake the bottle well before opening it.

>Give a shake to the bottle

Give the bottle a good shake.

13. Don’t worry if you fail the first time. Try again.

>Have a try again.

>Have another try. /Give it another try.

14. The terrorists were tried in secret.

>were given a secret trial./ were put on trial in secret.

15. The doctor ordered me to stay in bed.

>made an order that I should stay in bed.

…gave the order for me to stay in bed.

16. He has ordered a new color TV set.

>placed an order of for a

17. He ordered the historical events chronologically.

>put the ..in chronological order.

18. He refused to be ordered to leave his work.

>to be made an order that he should leave his work.

>…refused to take/accept the order to leave his work.

19. The student is progressing well in English and physics.

>is making good progress in

20. I’m not going to risk getting killed.

>take/run the risk of

定冠词表类指

the1( 定冠词表类指)

【问】 T he US infa nt ryman , while r equi r ing f a r too luxur ious logist ica l s uppor t , put up a
nice fight in Fr a nce . . .

[ 原译] 那个美国步兵在需要过于奢侈的后勤支持的同时在法国进行了顽强的战
斗⋯⋯
th e US inf ant ryma n 是指“那个美国步兵”吗? 这种译法似乎与句意不符。

【答】 应当记住, 定冠词也能表示类指( 泛指或一般指) , 即表示具有共同特性的整个种类
的人或事物, 起着与不定冠词差不多相同的作用。例如:

1. T h e tige r is a da ng e rou s a nimal .
老虎是危险的动物。

2. T h e hou sewif e h as a ha rde r life tha n th e office wor ke r .
家庭妇女的生活要比坐办公室的妇女艰难。

3. I t h as conve r t ed the physician , the lawye r , th e pr iest , th e poet , the man of
scie nce , into i ts p aid wagel abour er s .( Mani f esto o f th e Communist Par t y , p .34 )
它( 资产阶级) 把医生, 律师, 教士, 诗人和学者变成了它出钱招雇的雇佣劳动者。

在你所提问的句子里, th e US infa nt ryma n 不是指“ 那个美国步兵”, 而是指“ 美国步
兵”的总称。

请做下面的英语试题( 选择) :
Ale xa nde r Gr a ham Bell inv ent ed t elephone in 1876 .
A .( 不填) B .a C .th e D .on e ( 全国高考英语试题, 1991 )

the3 ( 物质名词与定冠词)

原來不可數名詞也可用a, an

>>


the3
( 物质名词与定冠词)

【问】
Accu stomed　to th e c offee in Columbi a, Ju an said th a t th e c offee　
should alwa ys　be　mad e s t rong e r tha n it us ual ly　is in the Unit ed St at es. ( TOEFL )
我看不出这道题有什么错误, 请指教。

【答】 通过对这道题的讨论, 我们能更好地了解英语冠词的用法。英语里有一条使用冠
词的规则: 当不可数名词( 包括物质名词) 表示类指( ge ne r al r ef er en ce ) 时( 即指类别时) ,
既不能使用定冠词, 也不能使用不定冠词, 而要使用零冠词( th e ze ro ar ticle ) ( 例1 ～ 4 以
及上面的试题) 。只有当不可数名词表示特定指时, 才可与定冠词连用( 例5～ 7 ) ; 只有当
不可数名词表示大类别中的某一种( 小类指) 时, 才可与不定冠词连用( 例8～ 10) 。

1. Su gar is b ad for you .( LEG) 糖对你是有害的。
2. Mi l k is good for you .( CGE L) 牛奶对你是有益的。
3. I􊳰v e a lwa ys pr efe r re d co f f ee to tea . 比起茶来, 我总是喜欢喝咖啡。
4. Steel is an alloy of i ron .( LEG) 钢是铁的合金。
5. T he sug ar y ou bou ght y ester da y h as got d amp .( LEG) 你昨天买的糖受潮了。
6. the co f f ee in Columbia ( TOEFL) 哥伦比亚的咖啡
7. H elp ! H e􊳰s fall en into the water .(MrAr thur ) 救命! 他掉进水里去了。
8. Modoc is a ve ry good wine . 法国的麦道克酒是一种很好的酒。
9. T he Nor th sea p roduces a light oi l . . .(L EG) 北海出产一种轻油⋯⋯
10. This is a ve ry good co f f ee . Is it Brazilia n ? 这是一种非常好的咖啡, 它是巴西
咖啡吗?

名詞化練習 (1)

名詞化練習 (1)

1. We warned them.

> We gave them a warning.

2. The boy pulled the rope hard.

>The boy gave the rope a hard pull.

3. The news surprised me.

>The news gave me a surprise.

The news took me by surprise.

The news came as a surprise to me.

4. I respect my teacher very much.

>I pay my teacher a high respect.

I have much respect for my teacher.

5. He frequently visits his sick aunt.

>He made paid frequent visits to his sick aunt.

(根據：http://collocationdictionary.freedicts.com/search1?word=visit

Make a visit也可以，但pay a visit pro 啲)

6. I think you could have used your time more profitably.

> I think you could have had made a more profitable use of your time.

> I think you could have put your time to more profitable use.

7. People in those days lived very simply.

> People in those days had/led/ lived a very simple lives  life.

>People’s life in those days was very simple.

8. He walks his dog round the park every morning.

>He brings takes his dog for a walk round the park every morning.

> He takes/has a walk round the park every morning with his dog.

9. We must distinguish carefully between spoken and written English.

>We must make/draw a careful distinction between …

10. That book you lent me helped me a great deal.

>That book you lent me gave me a great deal of help.

>…me was a great help to me.

>…me was of considerable help to me.

American history vs the history of America

the( 抽象名词与定冠词)

【问】 the his tory of Ame r ica , Ame r ican his tory

为什么第一个名词短语带定冠词, 而第二个却不带?


【答】 不可数的抽象名词( 如h a ppin ess , scien ce, the ory , pr act ice , p rogr es s, history ,
a r t , evolution , phylos ophy , a rc hi tec tur e, mu sic ) 在指类别时是不加冠词的。按照英语
惯用法, 当这些名词受形容词修饰时, 仍然不用加冠词, 例如:
Anglo-Saxon ar chit ectur e , Jap an ese his tory/ Eu rop ean history , huma n evolut ion ,
16th centu ry history , medie val a r t ( 中世纪艺术)

但是, 当这些名词有后置定语时, 则常常使用定冠词:

the a rc hi tectu re of Angro-Sa xon
the history of Jap an/ Eu rop e
the evolution of ma n
the history　of the 16th centu ry
the a r t of the Middle A ges

让我们从英语原著上摘取一些例句:

1. S he􊳰s studying Eu rop ean histor y .( CGE L)
她正在研究欧洲史。

2. New ar ts h av e bee n born in the cour se of the histor y o f m an .( Fox )
新的艺术产生于人类历史的进程中。

3. T he r e ha ve b een ma ny ch ang es in the histor y o f the Eng lish languag e .( LDCE )
英语在发展过程中有过许多变化。

王逢鑫談名詞化7: 副詞的名詞化

1. 副詞名詞化用with, in, in a state of 等變成介詞片語

He spoke confidently.

He spoke with confidence.

If you work earnestly, you will succeed.

If you work in earnest, you will succeed.

They shouted excitedly.

They shouted in a state of excitement.

2. 時間副詞，可用in, for等介詞變成介詞片語

Instantly

In an instant

Momentarily

For a moment

3. 比較性的副詞，可以like作引導

He dealt with the situation expertly.

He dealt with the situation like an expert. 

常常

More often than not

王逢鑫談名詞化6: 形容詞的名詞化

 1. 名詞化的形容詞可當主詞或受詞

shy

shyness

ironcial

irony

The boy was diffident. Too strict discipline was responsible.

Too strict discipline was responsible for the boy's diffidence.

2. 形容詞轉作名詞時, 其他部份也要相應變

How wonderful she is!

What a wonder she is!

It is obligatory for you to study hard.

It is your obligation to study hard.

Your obligation is to study hard.

You have the obligation to study hard.

You are obliged to study hard.

is fond of

has a fondness for

My mother was proud when she spoke of my little success.

My mother took pride in my little success when she spoke of it.

My mother spoke of my little success with pride.

3. 計量概念的形容詞

The bridge is 100 meters long.

The bridge is 100 meters in length.

The bridge has a length of 100 meters.

The length of the bridge is 100 meters.

It is a 100-meter-long bridge.

4. 比較量詞時

This tunnel is three times as long as that one.

This tunnel is three times the length of that one.

5. 有些形容詞變成名詞後要加介詞變介詞片詞

作主詞補語

The computer is very useful to us.

The computer is of great use to us.

作修飾語

He is a VIP.

He is a very important person.

He is a person of great importance.

6. 副詞子句中的形容詞, 名詞化後, 加上特定介詞,變成介詞片語.

Being careless, he made the mistakes.

Because he was careless, he made the mistakes.   

Because of carelessness, he made the mistakes.

或以with引導:

I felt envious as I listened to his achievements.

I listened to his achievements with envy.

others/ the others

others/ the others

【问】 In some countries, many people were killed by eating poisonous fish; ________ others
were crippled for life .

A . more B . still  C . the  D . most ( 攻读硕士研究生入学考试英语试题, 1983)

谢振元教授主编《研究生入学考试英语复习指南( 1998 )》( 中国人民大学出版社,
p .11) 在解答上道题时说:“ (B) 为正确答案⋯⋯ (C ) the others , others 前通常不加
定冠词。”

请问上面的解答正确吗?

【答】 上面的解答不准确。others 前加不加定冠词是根据表达的需要, 并不存在什么“ 通
常”不通常的问题。在下面的句子里, others 前均有定冠词( 表示其余的人或事) :

1. I shall wait until the others come back . ( EED)
我务必等到其余的人返回来。

2. I went swimming while the others played tennis . (ALD)
我去游泳了, 其余的人都打网球去了。

3. I can't do the fourth and fifth questions but I've done all the others .
我不会做第4 题和第5 题, 但其余的我都答上了。

由此可见, 在上题中之所以不能选( C) , 并不是因为others 不能与定冠词连用, 而是
因为the others 不符合句意。

用both 還是both the

both/ both the

【问】 She never thought of it a gain , but ten months later , she received a letter from a girl
in Holland. Both girls write to each other regularly now .( New Concept English ,
Book 2 , L .22 )

Both girls 是指She ( Jane ) 和a girl in Holland。既然是特指, 为什么不用both the
girls ?

【答】 如有的语言学家所指出的那样, Both is intrinsically definite . . .even when it is not
followed by the definite article .( both 在本质上是有定的, 即使它后面没有定冠词时, 也
是如此) 。因此, 上句中的Both girls = Both the girls。类例:

1. Both eyes were closed .( CGEL) 闭上了两只眼睛。
2. Both ( the) students were excellent .(CGEL) 这两个学生都很优秀。

而two 与both 不同, 在表示特指时必须加定冠词:

1. T he two stud ents wer e ex cel lent .( CGEL) 这两个学生都很优秀。
2. T he two boys were carrying a large box . 两个男孩正抬着一个大盒子。

趙振才，《英语常见问题解答大词典》

be my guest

 (informal)used to give somebody permission to do something that they have asked to do‘Do you mind if I use the phone?’ ‘Be my guest.’

王逢鑫談名詞化5: 同源受詞

同源受詞與其動詞是同一詞根. 這些動詞大多數是不及物動詞, 一般只涉及同源受詞, 不涉及其他受詞. 大多數情況下, 這些動詞可變為have.

He slept for a long time.
He slept a long sleep.
He had a long sleep.

He smoked for a long time.
He smoked a long smoke.
He had a long smoke.

有些動詞沒有的副詞, 變成名詞卻有相應的形容詞:

He dreamed rosily.
He dreamed a rosy dream.
He had a rosy dream.

王逢鑫談名詞化4: 名詞化的功能

1. 豐富英語表達方式


2. 強調, 透過重讀

He recovered gradually.
He made a gradual recovery.

3. 避免句子頭重腳輕

John slept.
John had a sleep.

4. 避免出現不重要的受詞 

The police arrested several people.
The police made several arrests.

May I suggest something?
May I make a suggestion?

The storm damaged a lot of houses, property.
The storm caused considerable damage.

5. 避免意義含混

The captain ordered the flag to be raised.

究竟是命令枝旗升起,還是買旗?

The captain gave the order that the flag should be raised.

清楚了,是落命令.

The captain placed an order for the flag to be raised.

這句是落訂單.

王逢鑫談名詞化3: 靜態型動詞的名詞化

靜態動詞有六種

1. 情態型

表明人說話者的推斷、意願等情態概念. 可用There +be ...或it is+ one's + n. + that,或One's n is that ...之句式

They don't need to quarrel.
They have no need to quarrel.
There is no need to quarrel.

I firmly believed that you are wrong.
It is my firm belief that you are wrong.
My firm belief is that you are wrong.

2. 愛憎型

He likes hot food very much.
He has a great liking for hot food

He hates evil people.
He has a hatred for evil people.
He is full of hatred for evil people.

3. 認識型

I don't know Russian very well.
I don't have a very good knowledge of Russian.

understands
has a profound understanding of

4. 異同型: bear/have

She resembles her aunt in character.
She bears a resemblance to her aunt in character.

differs greatly
is greatly different
There is a great difference

5. 涉及型

does not relate to
has/bears no relation to

This new law doesn't refer to land used for farming.
This new law has no reference to land used for farming.

6. 表明型

多用be或give作動詞

embodies evil
is an embodiment of evil

exemplified
gave an example of

王逢鑫談名詞化2:動態性動詞的名詞化

動態性動詞有5種

1. 活動型

glanced at me
cast/ directed/ darted/ flashed/ fired / shot a glance at me

smiled at me in a friendly way
gave me a friendly smily

pulled the rope hard
gave a hard pull at the rope

還可以是一些複雜活動

did not answer
made no answer

has arranged everything for
has made an all-round arrangement for


2. 過程型: make 

improved their work
made improvements in their work
There have been improvements in their work

3. 感受型: have, suffer

ached awfully
had an awful ache
suffered from an awful ache

4. 過渡型: make, come to

halted
came to a halt

appeared
made an appearance

landed smoothly
made a smooth landing

5. 瞬間型: give 

nodded to me
gave me a nod

knocked
gave a knock

王逢鑫談名詞化1 : 概論

今日在圖書館借了一本書,作者叫王逢鑫, 書名是《王逢鑫文法形式篇》. 吸引我的地方是作者對英語的「名詞化」現象提出了一些比較理論性的歸納.

我會用幾篇文章去歸納他的說法.

這篇會談「名詞化」八項要點：

1. 動詞變換為相對應的名詞, 成為一個新的動詞片語的組成部分. 這個名詞可能是具體名詞, 也可能是抽象名詞:

He suggested something to me. 

He made a suggestion to me. 

First let me introduce myself to you.

First let me make a self-introduction to you.

Her behavior surprised me.

Her behavior gave me a surprise.

Her behavior took me by surprise.

Her behavior was a surprise to me. 

He possesses a house. 

He is in possession of a house. 

2. 變換了的名詞, 要注意它是可數或不可數; 要否加冠詞; 加定冠詞還是不定冠詞; 以及加冠詞還是代名詞所有格:

He will address the meeting this afternoon. 

He will make an address at the meeting this afternoon.

John knows Spanish well.

John has a good knowledge of Spanish.

Tom is itching all over.

Tome is suffering from an/the itch all over. 

My father has retired. 

My father has taken his retirement.

My father has gone into retirement. 

3. 變換了的名詞, 前面加上特定的動詞, 包括: have, make, take, give, put, get, become, go, come, keep等常用動詞., 各自保持原有的語義特徵. 

have 作為動態性動詞,代表動作的執行或活動的進行:

He walks around the lake every morning.
He has/takes a walk around the lake every morning. 

have作為動態性動詞,表示愛憎, 情感和思想活動等:

She disliked her teacher.
She had a great dislike for/of her teacher.

I admire my teacher greatly.
I have great admiration for my teacher.

I do not intend to go to the film.
I have no intention of going to the film.

give 作為動態性動詞, 表示動作或訊息的轉移. 如:

John kicked the door.
John gave the door a kick.

performed twice
gave two performances

described vividly
gave a vivid description

nodded her approval
gave a nod of approval

take, make 作動態動詞, 代表動作的執行或活動的進行:

She immediately disliked her new teacher.
She took an immediate dislike to her new teacher.

apologized for
made/offered an apology for

spoke at
made/gave/delivered a speech

4. preposition 要準確

has greatly influenced
has had/produced a great influence on/upon

His critical writings are highly esteemed.
His critical writings are held in a high esteem.

5. 原來的副詞, 變成了形容詞:

slept soundly
had a sound sleep

explained a problem to..in detail
made an detailed explanation of the problem

兩個副詞變成形容詞時可以連續

recovered rapidly and completely
made a rapid and complete recovery

6. 動詞名詞化, 可能是變成介詞片語

is increasing
is on the increase

7. 表示人的特徵動作, 變為相對應表示動作者的名詞

He paints very well.
He is a very good painter.

8. 有些被動句中的動詞, 名詞化後會有被動涵義:

He was admitted to the university.
He gained admission to the university.

was permitted to
had permission to 

Come on in

http://club.edu.sina.com.cn/thread-1266928-1-1.html

進來吧

internet

The internet has dramatically altered our lives over the past few decades. Although some of these changes have been negative, the overall effect of this technology has been positive.

What are your opinions on this?

----------------------------

The internet is a double-edged sword.On the one hand, it connects human beings. On the other hand, it may contaminate our mind.

Internet revolutionizes the way of communication. In the past people write letters to each other. It is slow. Now we connect with one another through sending emails, and send instant messages via the networking sites such as Facebook, or the instant message softwares in smart phones like whatsapp. We make contact with other people much faster.

The internet also provides us an easy access to information and knowledge. With a click on the mouse, we can find whatever information we want to find. In the past, people go to libraries to find information in books. Now people stay at home sitting in front of the computer and can know all subjects, saving the cost of travelling. It makes the knowledge-searching process much more efficient.

However, the internet is also a path to crimes. There are a lot of pornographic videos and photos which lead people, particularly men, to do wrong things. In my opinion, the pornographic materials are not suitable to adults, not to mention to children and teenagers. The sex videos degrades women, and lure men into indulging in sexual fantasy. Immature people such as children, exposed to these kinds of videos and photos for a long time, will become addicted to sex for the rest of their lives.

From what has been discussed above, I would say parents should remind students of the danger of the internet while they are encouraged to surf the internet for educational purposes. We all should be vigilant to the possibility some criminals may use the internet to steal our money by telling lies. Using the internet wisely, the internet can enrich our lives. (296 words)


------

ielts 5分答案:

There are various different opinions on the subject of the Internet. WHile some people suggest that it has negatively affected our lives and society, I personally believe that it has actually made the world a much more better place In my opinion there are two main benefits to this technology. 

Firstly , I am sure most people would agree that the Internet has improved the way we communicate. Although spending too much time using the Internet instead of talking to real people can cause social isolation, most of us have benefited greatly from email and internet chat programs like facebook. THese useful and powerful communication tools have made it much faster, easier and cheaper to keep in touch with family and friends in other countries and also to do international business. 

In addition to this, the Internet provides us with all of the information in the world at work, school and home In the past, research involved spending many hours in the library. Now, however, the same information is available online, Of course, not all of the material available on the Internet is true or useful. Much of the material on the Internet is offensive and some of it is dangerous----there is everything from pornography to instruction on how to make bombs. Nevertheless, I feel that this free movement and sharing of information has generally been beneficial. 

To conclude, I once again restate my view that the Internet has had a positive influence on modern life because  of its effects on both communication and the flow of information.

1. negatively affected our society負面地影響了社會

2. cause social isolation 引致社交疏離

3. benefited greatly from 因...受到很大好處

4. ...made it faster, easier and cheaper to ...

5. family and friends

6. much of the ...大部分..

7. there is everything from ... to ...

8. free movement and sharing of information 資訊流動與分享

9. flow of information 資訊流動


-------------------

ietls 7分答案:

The Internet has brought significant changes to our lives in recent years. Yet, there remains some disagreement as to whether the overall effect of this technology has been positive or negative. While there are certainly valid arguments to the contrary, I personally believe that the benefits of the Internet far outweigh its drawbacks. These benefits are twofold.

First of all, it is an indisputable fact that the Internet has revoluntionised the way we communicate. Despite the risk of social isolation-a problem occasionally seen in people who spend too much time at their computer terminal rather than relating to people in the real world-most of us have benefited greatly from email and internet chat programes like MSN Messenger. These incredibly useful and powerful tools of communicaton facilitate both contact with loved ones in faraway places and global business.

Equally importantly, though, the Internet has placed the entire world (and all the information in it) at our fingertips. In earlier times, conducting research entailed long hours searching library shelves. Now, however, the same information can be accessed at the click of a button. Admittedly, not all of the information available on the Internet is reliable or helpful- there is a vast amount of material online that some would consider offensive or dangerous, ranging from pornography to instructions on how to make bombs. Nonetheless, I would contend that this free flow of information has generally been a very positive development.

By way of conclusion, I once again reaffirm my position that the Internet has had a positive impact on modern life because of its influence on communication and the flow of information.

1. Internet has placed the entire world (and all the information in it) at our fingertips

2. In earlier times

3. conducting research entailed long hours searching library shelves. 

4. it is an indisputable fact that 

5. there is a vast amount of material online that some would consider offensive or dangerous, ranging from pornography to instructions on how to make bombs

概論adverbial

當然可以.

adverbial分三種: adverbial of cause, adverbial of concession, 及adverbial of condition.

一般學生懂得用subordinating conjunction去表示這些adverbials:because, although, if:

叻少少學生識用participle （分詞）:即動詞加ing變現在分詞,或用過去分詞, 作形容詞. 我們叫這些做分詞子句或形容詞子句:

Being a doctor myself, I earn a lot of money. (原因)

Given the chance I will do it again. (條件)

Trained in karat, he nevertheless used a gun to defend himself. (讓步)

to片語,或叫不定詞片語, 表達原因, 這點應很多學生也懂:

He is foolish to make such a fuss.

但原來也可表達條件子句: To look at him you could hardly help laughing.(即表達目的)

 高級一點的學生, 識用介詞表達原因:

In the light of these changes, we must revise our plan.

讓步:

Despite the heavy rain, the part set out in the morning.

條件:

In case of fire, ring the bell.

Without steel, there would be no industry.

至於獨立分詞結構(independent participle), 則要大師達人才懂得用:

Aluminium being very soft, we can press it easily into any shapes desired.  (原因)

This sum added, we will have enough money for the trip.  (條件)

達人也懂得用whatever等字作讓步子句:

I will occupy Central whatever the government says.

達人識用倒裝as , though 或that 造讓步子句:

Try as he may, he never succeeds.

讓步子句有好很花款:

The parade will start promptly, rain or shine. (用or 連接兩個相反的詞語)

I may be only a servant, but I have my pride. (may ..but 結構)

All magnets have two poles, be they large or small. (be 結構=whether they are)