2013年12月13日星期五

嚴厲措施

stringent

severe

strict

rigorous

Financiers are calling for a relaxation of these stringent measures.

金融家呼吁对这些严厉的措施予以放宽。

繁荣；昌盛；成功

succeed,
flourish繁荣;兴盛;兴旺,
prosper繁荣；昌盛；成功,
thrive兴盛，兴隆

致力

make a commitment

commitment noun

¹willingness to give time/energy to sth

ADJ. absolute, complete, full, total | clear, deep, firm, genuine, great, passionate, real, serious, strong | continued, continuing, increased, increasing, lifelong, long-term, ongoing | general, open-ended | government, personal, professional, public | emotional, ideological, moral, political, religious

QUANT. degree, level

VERB + COMMITMENT give, make The prime minister made a firm commitment to increasing spending on health. | demonstrate, display, show to demonstrate a commitment to human rights | lack | affirm, reaffirm | require Learning to play the violin requires strong commitment. | gainThe government has managed to gain the commitment of employers to the scheme.

PREP. ~ on The government avoided giving any commitments on pensions. | ~ to his lifelong commitment to the socialist cause

PHRASES a lack of commitment

²a responsibility

ADJ. big, considerable, major | binding | prior | international, overseas | business, domestic, family, financial, military, social, teaching, work

VERB + COMMITMENT have, take on I don't want to take on any more commitments. | fulfil, honour, meet She can't meet her financial commitments. | get out of, wriggle out of He is trying to wriggle out of his various domestic commitments.

PREP. ~ on to honour commitments on reduction of air pollution

³agreeing to use money/time/people for sth

ADJ. heavy a heavy commitment of capital

2013年12月12日星期四

表達衷心的感謝

thanks noun

ADJ. big, special A big thanks to all of you who supported our fund-raising campaign. | heartfelt, sincere, warm | grateful

VERB + THANKS express, give, say We would like to express our warmest thanks for all you've done. I said thanks and put the phone down. | nod, smile She smiled her thanks as the car drove off. | get, receive You'll get little thanks from him for all your trouble. | accept | deserve Their generosity deserves our grateful thanks.

THANKS + VERB go to sb Thanks go to Claire Potter for making the hall available to us.

PREP. as/in ~ for He got a bottle of whisky in thanks for his cooperation. | ~ to He gave thanks to God for the safe return of his son.

PHRASES a letter/vote/word of thanks The chairperson proposed a vote of thanks to the volunteers. | many thanks Many thanks for the flowers. | thanks be to God We were all pulled out alive, thanks be to God.

作出一系列建議 make recommendation for

recommendation noun

¹official suggestion

QUANT. list, series, set

VERB + RECOMMENDATION come up with, make, produce The council has produced a set of recommendations on ethics in health care. | give, offer, put forward, submit | publish | consider, discuss, review | agree with | disagree with | accept, adopt, approve, endorse The UN Security Council endorsed the recommendation submitted by the Secretary General. | reject | act on, carry out, follow, implement The government gave assurances that it would implement the recommendations in full. | enforce | support | oppose | ignore | be in accordance with, be in line with to develop a plan in line with the recommendations of national policy | base sth on The design of the breakwater was based on the recommendations of an engineering study.

RECOMMENDATION + VERB arise from sth, be based on sth, follow (from) sth, relate to sth a detailed set of recommendations following a comprehensive examination of the subject | aim at sth recommendations aimed at achieving a more equitable admissions policy

PREP. on/upon sb/sth's ~ I had the operation on the recommendation of my doctor. | ~ about/as to/concerning/on recommendations on how health and safety standards might be improved | ~ by/from recommendations by the judges | ~ for recommendations for improving the quality of service | ~ in respect of recommendations in respect of bank officials | ~ to the board's recommendations to the minister | ~ with regard/respect to recommendations with regard to management procedures > Special page at MEETING

²saying sb/sth is good/suitable

ADJ. glowing, high/highest | personal It's best to find a builder through personal recommendation.

VERB + RECOMMENDATION give sb/sth | get, receive | come on/with The new housekeeper came on the highest recommendation. The chef comes with her recommendation. | need no Swiss chocolates need no recommendation (= their good reputation is enough to recommend them).

PREP. at/on/upon sb's ~ At the recommendation of a psychiatrist, the accused will remain under observation. We went to Corfu on your recommendation (= because you recommended it).

PHRASES a letter of recommendation

交報告 present reports to

report noun

¹written/spoken account of sth

VERB + REPORT deliver, give sb, make, present The committee presented its report to the Attorney General. | compile, do, draw up, prepare, produce, type (up), write I typed up a report about the morning's events for our clients. | file, give (sb/sth), let sb have, submit Our correspondent in Washington files a report most days. I'll let you have a report as soon as I can. | issue, release Auditors normally issue a report as to whether the company accounts have been prepared correctly. | leak a confidential report leaked to the press | have, hear, receive We've had reports of a gang shooting in the city. | call for The MPs called for a full report on the nuclear contract. | commission The government commissioned a report on the state of agriculture in the country. | launch, undertake | accept, endorse Following discussion, the annual report was accepted unanimously. | reject | confirm | deny They could neither confirm nor deny reports that the chairperson was to be replaced. | read | consider, discuss | publish | appear in A large number of tables and figures appear in the report.

REPORT + VERB be based on sth This report is based on the analysis of 600 completed questionnaires. | concern sth, cover sth, detail sth, examine sth, look at sth, relate to sth The report looks at the health risks linked to obesity. | comprise sth, contain sth, include sth | comment (on) sth, describe sth, explain sth, express sth, indicate sth, mention sth, outline sth, say sth, state sth Reports have indicated that a growing number of medium-sized firms are under financial pressure. | cite sth, list sth, note sth The report notes evidence that secondary smoke from other people's cigarettes harms unborn children. | add sth, go on … The report went on to list her injuries. | acknowledge sth, admit (to) sth The report admits to several outstanding questions about the safety of the waste dumps. | allege sth, claim sth | argue sth | demonstrate sth, show sth | reveal sth The riots had been sparked off by police mishandling of a case, a report revealed yesterday. | draw attention to sth, emphasize sth, highlight sth, point sth out, stress sth The report draws attention to the appalling conditions in the country's prisons. | warn sth The report warns that more job losses are likely. | confirm sth | conclude sth, find sth, link sth with sth a report linking ill health with industrial pollution | advocate sth, call for sth, propose sth, recommend sth, suggest sth, urge sth The report called for sweeping changes in the education system. | accuse sb/sth, attack sb/sth, blame sb/sth, criticize sb/sth | be called sth, be entitled sth a report entitled ‘Kick-start’ | be out Criticism has been levelled at local businesses in a report out (= released) today.

REPORT + NOUN writer, writing

PREP. according to a/the ~ According to this evening's weather report, there will be snowtomorrow. | amid/amidst ~s The pro-democracy rally came amidst reports of dissatisfaction among army officers. | in a/the ~ The findings are summarized in the report. | ~ about, ~ by a report by scientists | ~ from a report from the select committee | ~ into The department has launched a report into the bombing. | ~ on an official report on the accident

²written statement about a student's work

ADJ. good | bad | school | end-of-term

VERB + REPORT get She got a better report this year.

report verb

ADV. back The reconnaissance party reported back that the town was heavily fortified.

VERB + REPORT be expected to, expect to The company is expected to report record profits this year. | be delighted to, be glad to, be happy to, be pleased to I am pleased to report that the scheme is going well. | have to It is with regret that I have to report the death of one of our members. | fail to He was charged with careless driving and failing to report an accident.

PREP. from This is John Hutchins, reporting from Zimbabwe. | on reporting on the situation in central Africa | to Report the theft to the police as soon as possible.

PHRASES be widely reported The incident was widely reported in the British press.

2013年12月11日星期三

採取一系列措施 introduce some measures for

measure noun

¹official action to deal with a problem

QUANT. package, range, series a package of measures aimed at cutting pollution

VERB + MEASURE adopt, implement, impose, introduce, take Special measures are being taken to protect the local water supplies. | propose, suggest

MEASURE + VERB be aimed at sth, be designed to, be intended to

PREP. ~ against tougher measures against racism | ~ for measures for reducing delays

²amount/quantity of sth

ADJ. broad, considerable, fair, generous, great, significant, substantial, wide

PREP. ~ of He poured me a generous measure of whisky.

PHRASES in large/some measure His success was due in large measure to your help. | in equal measure, in no small measure

³unit of size/quantity

ADJ. accurate, direct, objective, precise

PREP. ~ of an accurate measure of length

PHRASES weights and measures

⁴sign of sth

ADJ. crude, simple, true, useful

PREP. ~ of Landed income was the true measure of the gentry. > Note at MEASURE

貢獻 make a contribution to

contribution noun

¹sth that helps cause/increase sth

ADJ. important, significant | big, enormous, great, huge, major, strong, substantial | minor, modest, small | invaluable, positive, useful, valuable We like to think that we are making a positive contribution to society. | notable, outstanding

VERB + CONTRIBUTION make He made a major contribution to peace in the region.

PREP. ~ to a valuable contribution to science

²money given to help pay for sth

ADJ. generous, large | small | voluntary We rely entirely on voluntary contributions.

VERB + CONTRIBUTION make, offer, pay

PREP. ~ to/towards I'd like to make a small contribution to the cost of the holiday.

產生影響 have an impact on

impact noun

¹effect/impression

ADJ. big, considerable, dramatic, enormous, great, high, huge, important, main, major, massive, powerful, profound, real, significant, strong, substantial, tremendous a high-impact message aimed at changing high risk behaviour among drug-users | limited, marginal, minimal/minimum, negligible | full The industrial north of the country felt the full impact of the recession. | maximum We'll show you how to dress for maximum impact at the all-important audition. | overall, total | growing, increasing | added | disproportionate | uneven the uneven impact of the debt crisis on developing countries | aggregate, combined, cumulative considering the cumulative impact of a series of damaging events | decisive | direct The railways made a direct physical impact on the landscape. | immediate, instant | initial, short-term | lasting, long-term | far-reaching, wider It is important to appreciate the wider impact and implications of this proposal. | future, likely, possible, potential | beneficial, favourable, positive | adverse, catastrophic, damaging, devastating, disastrous, heavy, negative, serious, severe | human The severest human impact on the dolphins has been the loss of habitat. | personal The personal impact of party leaders has been very important. | physical, visual seeking to reduce the visual impact of wind farms on the landscape | cultural, ecological, economic, emotional, environmental, financial, health, political, psychological, social The environmental impact of power generation is being assessed.

VERB + IMPACT achieve, create, exert, have, make Variations in the interest rate will have an impact on the whole housing market. You certainly made a big impact on Carter. | feel The initial impact of the reforms will be felt most keenly in primary schools. | analyse, assess, consider, evaluate, examine, explore, judge, measure, monitor, study It is difficult to judge the likely impact of the changes on employment patterns. | enhance, increase, maximize | alleviate, cushion, lessen, minimize, reduce, soften We are trying to minimize the impact of price rises on our customers. | diminish, lessen, reduce, weaken Listening to the speech through an interpreter lessened its impact somewhat. | lose When peace returned, the hardline message lost much of its impact. | resist, withstand This section explores how mothers resist the impact of poverty on the health of their children. | be concerned about | appreciate | highlight | address | predict | reflectArchitecturally, these churches reflected the impact of the Renaissance.

PREP. under the ~ of Manufacturing fell sharply under the impact of the recession. | ~ on/uponto highlight the impact of technology on working practices

²act/force of one object hitting another

ADJ. full | initial

VERB + IMPACT take The front coach of the train took the full impact of the crash. | feel | absorb A well-designed sports shoe should absorb the impact on the 28 bones in each foot. | lessen, soften Air bags are designed to soften the impact for crash victims. | survive, withstandThe crew of six may have survived the initial impact, but the whole plane went up in flames seconds later.

IMPACT + VERB occur Impact occurred seconds after the pilot signalled for help. | knock sb/sth … The impact knocked him off balance.

IMPACT + NOUN speed | crater Small meteorites have left impact craters all over the planet's surface.

PREP. on ~ The front of the car had crumpled on impact.

PHRASES the moment/point/time of impact

給予報道 give coverage

coverage noun

ADJ. considerable, extensive, massive There's been massive television coverage of the World Cup. | comprehensive, full | detailed, in-depth | wide, widespread | national, international, worldwide | limited | media, news, newspaper, press, radio, television/TV The television company was given a special award for its news coverage. | live There's live coverage of the match on BBC1. | exclusive

VERB + COVERAGE give sth, provide (sth with) The minister's resignation was given widespread coverage. | attract, get, have, receive The wedding had wide press coverage.

COVERAGE + VERB focus on sth Media coverage of the march focused on the few fights that broke out.

介詞短語7-by the same token

by the same token
同樣地

2013年12月10日星期二

產生影響

N-COUNT (不良)反响，反应，影响 If an action or event has repercussions, it causes unpleasant things to happen some time after the original action or event.

e.g. After being put out, service has received very good market repercussion.

服务推出后收到了非常好的市场反响。

repercussion noun

ADJ. considerable, important, major, serious, significant | wide/widespread | international | economic, political, social

VERB + REPERCUSSION have

REPERCUSSION + VERB be felt The repercussions of the change in policy will be felt throughout Europe.

PREP. ~ for Changes in the industry had major repercussions for the local community. | ~ on The pay cuts are likely to have serious repercussions on productivity.

2013年12月9日星期一

接踵发生

ensue

verb [I] /ɪnˈsjuː/

/-ˈsuː/ formal

› vi.

接踵发生，继而产生

举几个来说

to name a few

生词本

英 [tu: neim ə fju:]美 [tu nem e fju]

StSteve Jobs, Albert Einstein, and Waldo Emerson (to name a few) were considered radical thinkers.

史蒂夫·乔布斯，爱因斯坦和爱默生（仅举几例）曾经被认为是激进的思想家。

2013年12月5日星期四

介詞短語6-in a row

連續地

in a row: one after another without a break:

e.g. She's been voted Best Actress three years in a row.

強調

弱化stress, emphasize

= emphasize, stress, highlight, bring home, underscore, accentuate, point up, give emphasis to, call or draw attention to • The report underlined his concern that standards were at risk.

opposites: play down, minimize, make light of, gloss over, soft-pedal (informal)

source: http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-thesaurus/underline

importance noun

ADJ. cardinal, central, considerable, critical, crucial, enormous, especial, extreme, fundamental, great, high, immense, key, major, outstanding, overriding, overwhelming, paramount, particular, primary, prime, profound, real, special, supreme, tremendous, vital | first, greatest, highest, utmost This information is of the first importance. It is of the utmost importance that you arrive on time. | growing, increasing | declining the declining importance of manufacturing industry | lesser, limited, marginal, minor, secondary | direct | general | added | immediate | continued/continuing, lasting | equal | relative | intrinsic | obvious | perceived differences in the perceived importance of the different subjects in the curriculum | potential | public | international, national | practical | theoretical | symbolic the symbolic importance of iron in German culture | archaeological, commercial, constitutional, cultural, ecological, economic, environmental, historical, legal, military, political, social, strategic

VERB + IMPORTANCE have These finds have considerable archaeological importance. | assume, take on Childcare schemes take on an added importance at a time of national recession.| grow in, increase in, rise in | decline in, diminish in, fall in The overseas markets have now declined in importance. | attach, give sth, place To what objectives do you attach most importance? the importance placed on cleanliness | accept, acknowledge, appreciate, be aware of, grasp, realize, recognize, see, understand People were aware of the importance of working with nature. | demonstrate, illustrate, indicate, point to, reflect, show, suggest Figure 2.2 shows the relative importance of the different service industries. | assert | deny | confirm | draw attention to, emphasize, highlight, point up, promote, stress, underline The manual stresses the importance of regular maintenance. | diminish, downplay, minimize, play down, underplayShe was inclined to play down the importance of her own role in the affair. | exaggerate, overestimate | underestimate, undervalue Don't underestimate the importance of neat presentation. | increase | reduce | consider, discuss | explain | cast/throw doubt on, doubt, question No one can seriously question the political importance of the environment. | forget, ignore, overlook

IMPORTANCE + VERB arise from sth, lie in sth The town's importance lies in the richness and quality of its architecture. | depend on sth

PREP. of … ~ The railways were of crucial importance in opening up the American West. | ~ foran area of enormous importance for wildlife | ~ to the importance to the country of a healthy economy

PHRASES in order of importance Deal with the issues in order of importance. | a matter of importance

2013年12月4日星期三

比起..

Than既是介詞，像：

My son is a lot taller than my daughter.

You always walk faster than I do!

You're earlier than usual.

也是連詞，像：

I spent more than I intended to.

It cost less than I expected.

Source: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/than?q=than

當

還有while, because等，都不是副詞，是連接詞，雖然它們叫subordinating conjunctions，但終究是conjunctions。

也參考：http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conjunctions.htm

禮任 by courtesy

Wikipedia gives a context and explanation, which I find interesting but which leaves several unanswered questions.

A professor who is primarily and originally associated with one academic department, but has become officially associated with a second department, institute, or program within the university and has assumed a professor's duty in that second department as well, could be called a "professor by courtesy." Example: "Joshua H. Alman is Professor of Law and Professor, by courtesy, of Genetics at Stanford University".

source: http://forum.wordreference.com/showthread.php?t=2067883

多產作家

對...作進一步說明

used in letters, emails, etc. to refer to a previous letter, email, conversation, etc.

e.g.1 Further to our conversation of last Friday, I would like to book the conference centre for 26 June

E.g. 2 Further to our letter of February 5th, we can now confirm that all the spare parts you requested are available.

为了对我们二月五号那封信作进一步的说明，我们现在可以保证你们所要的零件都有现货。

敬請幫忙

source 1: 古大師的答案有點模稜兩可

http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/supplement/columnist/%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%B7%E6%98%8E/art/20120505/16308247

問：香港常見 Please kindly help to...（敬請幫忙……）這說法，但有人說正式英文不會用 kindly一字說「請」，對嗎？

答： Kindly作副詞（ adverb），除了解作「和譪地」或「仁厚地」，也可解作「請」。第二版《朗文當代高級英文辭典》就有以下例句： Kindly put it back（請把它放回原處）。由於 please、 kindly都有「請」的意思，兩字不宜並用。

但 kindly語氣上和 please不同。英語學者 John Bremner在 Words on Words書中指出："Kindly" is stronger and more formal than"please" and tends to connote the idea of"Do this- or else"（ Kindly語氣較 please強，也較為正式，常帶「你必須這樣做，否則──」含義）。比如說，你在工作，遭人不斷在旁騷擾，不勝其煩，就可以說： Kindly remove yourself from my presence（請你不要再在我跟前）。這一句的 kindly，帶點諷刺、命令口吻。

正因 kindly和 please語氣不同，要表示客氣的「請」，宜用 please來說，例如： Would/ Could you please post this letter for me?/ Please post this letter for me（請代我把這封信寄出好嗎）。

留意 kindly也可作形容詞，是少數以 ly結尾的形容詞之一，例如： A kindly neighbour took care of him when he was sick（他生病時，獲一位善心的鄰人照顧）。—古德明

source 2: English Language Forum認為兩字的功能不同

http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/1632/is-the-phrase-please-kindly-redundant

Strictly speaking, "please" and "kindly" do serve separate purposes. I can demand that you kindly do a certain task:

Kindly apologize to your mother

The intent is to dictate how you should apologize. Prepending "please" is me politely asking you to do something:

Please apologize to your mother

Combining them signifies that I am being polite and you should be polite:

Please kindly apologize to your mother

In the context of office chatter, I would interpret the original intent of the phrase to mean, "I am asking nicely; don't give me attitude." As it is now bordering on a cliché, I highly doubt anyone is putting much thought into the phrase or its meaning and they are simply being polite.

shareimprove this answer

answered Apr 4 '11 at 19:07

2013年12月3日星期二

引致

不利的天氣

The weather is unfavorable to our plans.

天气对我们的计划不利.

最佳條件

The optimal conditions for the anaerobic digestion are the following.

厌气消化的最佳条件如下。

阻礙發展

2013年12月2日星期一

偶然碰到

text: What is your plan, should you encounter porn on the Internet? What will you do if while innocently cruising the Net you "happen" upon an enticing Web site? The surefire way to avoid getting caught is to follow Joseph’s lead: Have a plan and follow it.

meaning:

happen on/upon sth/sb

literary — phrasal verb with happen /ˈhæp.ən/ verb [I]

›

偶然碰到

撩

1. proposition

verb [T] /ˌprɒp.əˈzɪʃ.ən/ /ˌprɑː.pə-/

to ask someone who you are not in a relationship with if they would like to havesex with you:I was propositioned by a complete stranger.

2. eg. Notice that Joseph was minding his own business when temptation came upon him. He actually went into the house to do his work and found none of the safeguards in place (no one else was home) to protect him against the advances of Potipher’s wife. She boldly propositioned him. "Lie with me!"

3.. proposition

transitive verb

: to offer to have sex with (someone) in a direct and often offensive way

proposi·tionedproposi·tion·ing

Full Definition of PROPOSITION

: to make a proposal to; especially : to suggest sexual intercourse to

Examples of PROPOSITION

He was propositioned by a prostitute.

He got drunk and propositioned a woman sitting next to him in the bar.

First Known Use of PROPOSITION

1924

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2013年12月13日 星期五

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2013年12月10日 星期二

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