1. dilapidated = describes something old and in poor condition
eg. The hotel we stayed in was really dilapidated.
2. wrecked =very badly damaged
3. smashed up
4. run-down=describes buildings or areas that are in very bad condition
2010年7月1日 星期四
2010年6月30日 星期三
SCMP Feb 09, 2010:Incineration should no longer be a dirty word
Hong Kong, like many cities worldwide, has a troubled historic relationship with incineration as a waste management option. A 1989 white paper published by the government identified the incineration of solid waste as a key contributor to air pollution and decided to cease the practice for good, leading to the closure of the four local incineration plants between 1991 and 1997.
With this legacy and baggage, coupled with viable concerns over air pollution in a high-rise city, the community understandably is hostile to the incineration concept. It was not until 2008 that incineration re-emerged as the preferred approach but, after so many years of stigma, the government faces an uphill struggle to get it accepted.
The situation today is different elsewhere. During an environmental tour to Japan last October, arranged by several industry groups including the Hong Kong Waste Management Association, I was astounded by the quality and extensive use of incineration technology for waste management. Technology has advanced such that modern incineration constitutes a state-of-the-art, hi-tech, clean and sustainable waste management solution, much different from the dirty, smelly, smoke-belching incinerators of the 1990s.
Japanese companies are designing and building plants that incinerate waste at a much higher temperature, with negligible levels of emitted pollutants, including dioxins. Bearing in mind these dramatic advances, negative perceptions regarding incineration are no longer as pertinent as they once were. In this context, the government is right to recognise incineration as a key strategy in the fight to stave off an impending waste management crisis - as it has with recent proposals for integrated waste management facilities. In terms of environmental sustainability, the concept represents a welcome step away from the expansion of landfills as Hong Kong's sole waste management strategy - one that has begun to display dangerous tendencies. The recently approved expansion of the Southeast New Territories landfill into a section of Clear Water Bay Country Park, for example, is a travesty. When deciding the details of the integrated facilities, environmental and social sustainability must be key. To be sustainable, incineration should satisfy three conditions. First, any plant built in Hong Kong must be a "waste-to-energy" facility, whereby heat and/or electricity are supplied back to the surrounding community either at a discount or free. Second, the facilities must be a community asset with a recognised civic role. Third, the facilities need not be an industrial eyesore. In Japan, incinerators are often architecturally outstanding contributions to the skyline. All of Tokyo's non-recyclable waste has been incinerated since 1996. With limited space and a need to protect our country parks, Hong Kong has a lot to learn. We must now further educate the public and nurture their acceptance of incineration as a safe, sustainable and effective solution for non-recyclable waste. Habits must also be transformed to counteract the very "wet" nature of our waste, which makes the process less efficient. Importantly, the public must be encouraged to recognise that incineration of non-recyclable or residual waste - the fourth "R" - is only part of the solution, and embrace the "three Rs" of "reduce", "reuse" and "recycle". Some have argued for another "R" to be added: "responsibility". We are part of the problem, and we are part of the solution. Through education, increased awareness and a willingness to follow the high standards of nations such as Japan, the integrated waste management facilities could be just one element of a truly sustainable waste management revolution. Timothy J. Peirson-Smith is managing director of Executive Counsel Limited, a sustainability-focused public affairs and strategic communication consultancy based in Hong Kong. He is also chairman of the Business Policy Unit, British Chamber of Commerce, Hong Kong |
2010年5月14日 星期五
grammar-t
tribulation=great difficulty
testify:
1. To make a solemn declaration under oath before a court of law.
【法律】在法庭上宣誓作證。
例句： The fingerprint expert was asked to testify at the trial.
那位指紋專家被邀在審判時作證。
2.To bear witness; make a statement based on personal knowledge or belief.
證明；證實。
例句： Many persons testified to the occurrence.
許多人證明確有此事。
table:To lay aside, such as a report, for future consideration.
擱置(議案等，以備來日之考慮)。
例句： The committee tabled the proposal until a later meeting.
委員會擱置該提案，等下次會議再討論。
subsidiary:Secondary; subordinate.
次要的；附屬的。
scrutiny:Close inspection or examination.
詳察；細察。
[片語： make a scrutiny into
細查。
not bear scrutiny
經細查漏洞百出。 ]
topple: 1. To overturn.
打翻；推倒。
2. To overthrow, as a government.
推翻；顛覆(政府)。
例句： The rebels have toppled the regime.
叛亂者推翻了那政府。
tide: To help (another) along; assist when needed.
援助(他人)；及時援助。
例句： His gift tided me over the winter.
他的禮物助我渡過嚴冬。
tie: let him who tied the bell on the tiger take it off
tall: He is 5m high/tall. He is a tall guy. he is a high guyX.
there are should not be used wrongly. eg. There are 3 air-cons in the classroom. X should be : The classroom has 3 air-cons.
time: it is (high) time we had breakfast.
therapy: treatment without medicine
historic present tense: eg. Romeo falls in love with Juliet.
there: is there any water there? the 1st there means exist or not. the 2nd there means at that place.
tools are 工具, props are 道具
tout:
To look out for customers, as for a hotel.
(為旅館)招徠(客人)。
thereby:By that means.
是故。
thriving: successful
tycoon: millionaire
put to the test
transitive: while I was doing X
there: there is an apple. there is said to be an apple. it is said that there is an apple. it is said to be an apple there. are all right, but There is saidX
translation: while in humility, I will let babies ride on me. 俯首甘為孺子牛
times: I've read the book three times , not (I've read the book for three times. )
today: a noun or adv, not an adj. so no (Taiwan's today prosperity), but Taiwan's present prosperity, or the propersity of Taiwan today
not til: 終於 it is not till now that I have found a job.
to infinitive: What we did was (to) try to avoid it.
towards (adv), toward (adj or adv)
thugs 惡棍
telephone no.: we can use on or at. eg. For enquiries, please contact Mr X at /on 23456789.
think: you think me stupid. 你認為我蠢.
"There is a cat on the roof" is not equal to "A cat is on the roof." 因為 There is 有 "有" 的含意.
TRANSLATE:古德明說無學好中英文自然懂翻譯.
telephone: 打電話仍叫dial eg. dial 23402000. 掛斷電話叫hang up 或者ring off.
that: 可作conjunction. eg. 問世間, 情是何物, 直教人生死相許 可作 Tell me, what in fact is love in this temporal world, that it can make lovers pledge each other other lives? 解:以至於. 而so that, in order that中的that 也是conjunction, 有目的的意思.
turn something around=to change an unsuccessful business, plan or system so that it becomes successful
tune out=to ignore someone or not give your attention to something or to what is happening around you
testify:
1. To make a solemn declaration under oath before a court of law.
【法律】在法庭上宣誓作證。
例句： The fingerprint expert was asked to testify at the trial.
那位指紋專家被邀在審判時作證。
2.To bear witness; make a statement based on personal knowledge or belief.
證明；證實。
例句： Many persons testified to the occurrence.
許多人證明確有此事。
table:To lay aside, such as a report, for future consideration.
擱置(議案等，以備來日之考慮)。
例句： The committee tabled the proposal until a later meeting.
委員會擱置該提案，等下次會議再討論。
subsidiary:Secondary; subordinate.
次要的；附屬的。
scrutiny:Close inspection or examination.
詳察；細察。
[片語： make a scrutiny into
細查。
not bear scrutiny
經細查漏洞百出。 ]
topple: 1. To overturn.
打翻；推倒。
2. To overthrow, as a government.
推翻；顛覆(政府)。
例句： The rebels have toppled the regime.
叛亂者推翻了那政府。
tide: To help (another) along; assist when needed.
援助(他人)；及時援助。
例句： His gift tided me over the winter.
他的禮物助我渡過嚴冬。
tie: let him who tied the bell on the tiger take it off
tall: He is 5m high/tall. He is a tall guy. he is a high guyX.
there are should not be used wrongly. eg. There are 3 air-cons in the classroom. X should be : The classroom has 3 air-cons.
time: it is (high) time we had breakfast.
therapy: treatment without medicine
historic present tense: eg. Romeo falls in love with Juliet.
there: is there any water there? the 1st there means exist or not. the 2nd there means at that place.
tools are 工具, props are 道具
tout:
To look out for customers, as for a hotel.
(為旅館)招徠(客人)。
thereby:By that means.
是故。
thriving: successful
tycoon: millionaire
put to the test
transitive: while I was doing X
there: there is an apple. there is said to be an apple. it is said that there is an apple. it is said to be an apple there. are all right, but There is saidX
translation: while in humility, I will let babies ride on me. 俯首甘為孺子牛
times: I've read the book three times , not (I've read the book for three times. )
today: a noun or adv, not an adj. so no (Taiwan's today prosperity), but Taiwan's present prosperity, or the propersity of Taiwan today
not til: 終於 it is not till now that I have found a job.
to infinitive: What we did was (to) try to avoid it.
towards (adv), toward (adj or adv)
thugs 惡棍
telephone no.: we can use on or at. eg. For enquiries, please contact Mr X at /on 23456789.
think: you think me stupid. 你認為我蠢.
"There is a cat on the roof" is not equal to "A cat is on the roof." 因為 There is 有 "有" 的含意.
TRANSLATE:古德明說無學好中英文自然懂翻譯.
telephone: 打電話仍叫dial eg. dial 23402000. 掛斷電話叫hang up 或者ring off.
that: 可作conjunction. eg. 問世間, 情是何物, 直教人生死相許 可作 Tell me, what in fact is love in this temporal world, that it can make lovers pledge each other other lives? 解:以至於. 而so that, in order that中的that 也是conjunction, 有目的的意思.
turn something around=to change an unsuccessful business, plan or system so that it becomes successful
tune out=to ignore someone or not give your attention to something or to what is happening around you
grammar-u
uulterior=不明言的；不顯露的；別有用意的。
undergo:To pass through or experience; suffer; endure.
經過；經歷；遭受；蒙受；忍受；忍耐
uniformed groups制服團隊
usher: /^-sh-shewa-r/帶位員
update is not equal to up-to-date: update is a verb, but up-to-date is an adjective. so, teh facilities are up-to-date. the figures are updated.
unprecendated=not met before
That is understood明白
undergo:To pass through or experience; suffer; endure.
經過；經歷；遭受；蒙受；忍受；忍耐
uniformed groups制服團隊
usher: /^-sh-shewa-r/帶位員
update is not equal to up-to-date: update is a verb, but up-to-date is an adjective. so, teh facilities are up-to-date. the figures are updated.
unprecendated=not met before
That is understood明白
grammar-v
vindicate平反, To clear from blame, criticism, guilt etc.; uphold by evidence or argument.
vest:To clothe or endow, as with authority or power.
授權；賦與
verdict裁決
vitality=energy
vegetable = count n.
at variance with 不同
very (adj) but verily (adv.) , which means really
vicissitude=
changes which happen at different times during the life or development of someone or something, especially those which result in conditions being worse e.g.
Losing your job is just one of the vicissitudes of life.
varsity:University.
【英】大學。
A team or crew representing a university or college, as distinguished from the scrub, or second, team.
(運動)大學校隊(代表學校的第一代表隊)。
vest:To clothe or endow, as with authority or power.
授權；賦與
verdict裁決
vitality=energy
vegetable = count n.
at variance with 不同
very (adj) but verily (adv.) , which means really
vicissitude=
changes which happen at different times during the life or development of someone or something, especially those which result in conditions being worse e.g.
Losing your job is just one of the vicissitudes of life.
varsity:University.
【英】大學。
A team or crew representing a university or college, as distinguished from the scrub, or second, team.
(運動)大學校隊(代表學校的第一代表隊)。
grammar-r
resolution:A formal proposal or statement of opinion voted on and adopted in a legislative assembly or public meeting.
決議；決議案。
reap:
To cut and gather grain.
收割。
To receive the reward of one's actions; gain.
收穫；收成。
render=To cause to be.
使成。
例句： Age had rendered him peevish.
年老使他暴躁。
That will render the whole attempt fruitless.
reasons: for reasons of confidentiality
reconcile:
reminiscent: (of) it is reminiscent of the 1980s.
reenact: eg. reenact重新演出 the myth
riot: noisy, uncontrolled public meeting
rickshaw piller: 人力車夫
reside: 住
rhinitis =allegery of nose
relics 遺物
ratify= to make an agreement official
reiterate=restate
reassuring
revive =to wake up
repeated words need comma to separate: eg. Many people who invest, invest blindly. / What will be, will be.
rather: would rather=had rather
reason can be count or uncount. eg. I have reason to be angry. / I have 3 reasons to go there. if it means some specific reasons, add -s. eg. For reasons of economy, he goes to school on foot.
rote learning : learning sth in order to repeat it from memory
redress system:申訴制度
rule out 排除
rat vs mouse. rat is larger.
rendezous: 約會
repercussions: bad effects
risk: (as a noun) as the risk of...
rule判
refrain (from)
real: very eg.. he is real angry.
require: that-clause or to-infinitive
roger: 為何聽講機係ROGER?因為R STANDS FOR RECEIVED. 收到收到.
radio: i heard it on the radio. 開機係switch on /put on/ turn on the radio. 開大聲啲係turn up the radio. (turn down)調台: tune in to Radio Hong Kong.
result: 通常跟adverbial, eg. result from.. or result in...但也可以單獨result. eg. the war resulted badly. or Both countries laid claim to the territory , and war resulted.
rain若是一場場雨,可以係a rain
rolls-royce 可以係名詞, 或形容詞
決議；決議案。
reap:
To cut and gather grain.
收割。
To receive the reward of one's actions; gain.
收穫；收成。
render=To cause to be.
使成。
例句： Age had rendered him peevish.
年老使他暴躁。
That will render the whole attempt fruitless.
reasons: for reasons of confidentiality
reconcile:
reminiscent: (of) it is reminiscent of the 1980s.
reenact: eg. reenact重新演出 the myth
riot: noisy, uncontrolled public meeting
rickshaw piller: 人力車夫
reside: 住
rhinitis =allegery of nose
relics 遺物
ratify= to make an agreement official
reiterate=restate
reassuring
revive =to wake up
repeated words need comma to separate: eg. Many people who invest, invest blindly. / What will be, will be.
rather: would rather=had rather
reason can be count or uncount. eg. I have reason to be angry. / I have 3 reasons to go there. if it means some specific reasons, add -s. eg. For reasons of economy, he goes to school on foot.
rote learning : learning sth in order to repeat it from memory
redress system:申訴制度
rule out 排除
rat vs mouse. rat is larger.
rendezous: 約會
repercussions: bad effects
risk: (as a noun) as the risk of...
rule判
refrain (from)
real: very eg.. he is real angry.
require: that-clause or to-infinitive
roger: 為何聽講機係ROGER?因為R STANDS FOR RECEIVED. 收到收到.
radio: i heard it on the radio. 開機係switch on /put on/ turn on the radio. 開大聲啲係turn up the radio. (turn down)調台: tune in to Radio Hong Kong.
result: 通常跟adverbial, eg. result from.. or result in...但也可以單獨result. eg. the war resulted badly. or Both countries laid claim to the territory , and war resulted.
rain若是一場場雨,可以係a rain
rolls-royce 可以係名詞, 或形容詞
grammar-s
sculpture
substantiate:To establish, as a claim or charge, by proof or evidence.
證實(如要求或控訴)；提出證明。
例句： The slanderer cannot substantiate his tale.
誹謗者不能證實他的說法。
session:The sitting of such a body.
開會；開庭。
例句： The court is now in session.
法庭現在開庭期中。
standing:Lasting; established or settled; fixed.
持久的；固定的；不變的；永久的。
scene vs scenery. scene is 風景. scenery is the 景色. scenery is uncount. scene is count. eg. He loves mountain scenery. also, scene ca be any kind of scene. but scenery should be natural scene. (make a scene 出洋相)
since. have/has since=其後. eg. There were married but had an big argument and have since divorced.
spoiled vs spoilt: the same
spit = spilled
saxphone , not sax'phone
such as , not etc followed.
support (n): from ....
speak (不及物): of 證明 eg. his results speak of his intelligence.
satiate: (satisfy) the appetite
satay沙de
supplement (increase)
schizophrenia 精神分裂
statutory 強制性的
sizable =large
sure enough. not surely enough
savings =uncount =money saved
syllables: 行未斷字法
some can be in questions. eg. is there something in the microwave? or Would you like something to eat? as long as the things exist for sure.
s can be omitted sometimes. eg. This naturally resulted in your client's failing the two courses. = this naturally resulted in your client failing the two courses. / do you mind my saying this=do you mind me saying this.
sight: count is the things seen. uncount is the ability to see.
spinster=old unmarried woman
short form: if NATO, AIDS, no articles, if CUHK, have the
s: if it is a life, have -'s. if it is a thing, no -'s. but if it is specific, can add -'s. eg. I think the aeroplane's engine is broken.
salt: rub salt into the wounds.
surveillance (sir-fei...):監察
step (up)=strengthen
side (with): support
spare no effort: 全力以赴
some: certain. eg. He is hiding in some secret place.
suggest: means imply. eg. The survy suggests most students knew the school rules.
serve ...right: 抵死
shrink : headshrinker, psychiotrist
silent /s/: isle, island, aisle
schewa:模糊音
strain 竭盡
subject無verb的句子結構: Lord , what about this man?
-self:by oneself 和oneself有咩分別? eg. i did it myself即 我自己做的. i did it by myself即 我獨自做的 . by myself=on my own
such ..as to: 這樣...以便. eg. They walked in such a way as to avoid making any noise.
superlatives: the closest of friends 指世上所有朋友, the closest friends指在某一個範圍內.
something在數字後解差不多, eg. He is twnety-something. or The bus did nto arrive till ten something.
suspect 可跟that, 跟 object+of. 跟 to. eg The police suspect him to have killed his wife. 若是形容詞, 咁可解可疑. eg. the police found his statement suspect/suspicious. 但suspect不可指懷疑, eg. He is suspect of his statement(X) 要改為he is suspicious of his statement
stuck up (adj.)=too proud and considering yourself to be very important
salvage= to try to make a bad situation better
subterfuge=a trick or a dishonest way of achieving something
get things sorted=解掂件事/ 作出決定
You have been very straight to me你對我好坦白
substantiate:To establish, as a claim or charge, by proof or evidence.
證實(如要求或控訴)；提出證明。
例句： The slanderer cannot substantiate his tale.
誹謗者不能證實他的說法。
session:The sitting of such a body.
開會；開庭。
例句： The court is now in session.
法庭現在開庭期中。
standing:Lasting; established or settled; fixed.
持久的；固定的；不變的；永久的。
scene vs scenery. scene is 風景. scenery is the 景色. scenery is uncount. scene is count. eg. He loves mountain scenery. also, scene ca be any kind of scene. but scenery should be natural scene. (make a scene 出洋相)
since. have/has since=其後. eg. There were married but had an big argument and have since divorced.
spoiled vs spoilt: the same
spit = spilled
saxphone , not sax'phone
such as , not etc followed.
support (n): from ....
speak (不及物): of 證明 eg. his results speak of his intelligence.
satiate: (satisfy) the appetite
satay沙de
supplement (increase)
schizophrenia 精神分裂
statutory 強制性的
sizable =large
sure enough. not surely enough
savings =uncount =money saved
syllables: 行未斷字法
some can be in questions. eg. is there something in the microwave? or Would you like something to eat? as long as the things exist for sure.
s can be omitted sometimes. eg. This naturally resulted in your client's failing the two courses. = this naturally resulted in your client failing the two courses. / do you mind my saying this=do you mind me saying this.
sight: count is the things seen. uncount is the ability to see.
spinster=old unmarried woman
short form: if NATO, AIDS, no articles, if CUHK, have the
s: if it is a life, have -'s. if it is a thing, no -'s. but if it is specific, can add -'s. eg. I think the aeroplane's engine is broken.
salt: rub salt into the wounds.
surveillance (sir-fei...):監察
step (up)=strengthen
side (with): support
spare no effort: 全力以赴
some: certain. eg. He is hiding in some secret place.
suggest: means imply. eg. The survy suggests most students knew the school rules.
serve ...right: 抵死
shrink : headshrinker, psychiotrist
silent /s/: isle, island, aisle
schewa:模糊音
strain 竭盡
subject無verb的句子結構: Lord , what about this man?
-self:by oneself 和oneself有咩分別? eg. i did it myself即 我自己做的. i did it by myself即 我獨自做的 . by myself=on my own
such ..as to: 這樣...以便. eg. They walked in such a way as to avoid making any noise.
superlatives: the closest of friends 指世上所有朋友, the closest friends指在某一個範圍內.
something在數字後解差不多, eg. He is twnety-something. or The bus did nto arrive till ten something.
suspect 可跟that, 跟 object+of. 跟 to. eg The police suspect him to have killed his wife. 若是形容詞, 咁可解可疑. eg. the police found his statement suspect/suspicious. 但suspect不可指懷疑, eg. He is suspect of his statement(X) 要改為he is suspicious of his statement
stuck up (adj.)=too proud and considering yourself to be very important
salvage= to try to make a bad situation better
subterfuge=a trick or a dishonest way of achieving something
get things sorted=解掂件事/ 作出決定
You have been very straight to me你對我好坦白
grammar-q
have no qualms about= have no guilt about
quartar=area
quell: To suppress or subdue; put an end to.
鎮壓；平息。
例句： The dictator quelled the uprising.
獨裁者鎮壓暴動。
qualifiers後置修飾語:1. prepostional phrases.e.g. A man of honour./ I have had discussions over the MOI issue. 2. adj. + phrases /clausees 3. non-finite clauses i.e. to-infinitive, present participle and past participle. e.g. They saw the need to fine-tune the current arrangement./With the fine-tuning of the MOI arrangements, secondary schools can enjoy more flexibility to adopt diversified modes of MOI arrangements progressively with regard to student ability, teachers' readiness and other school-based support measures. /I would like to take this opportunity to express my thanks to all school principals and teachers for their untiring efforts in nurturing our students. 4. apposition 5. single word. e.g. The mother concerned. 6. relative clasues 7. time or location adverb Good example: Opportunities for the students to be exposed to, and use English, on top of the foundation of learning in their mother tongue, are essential in enabling them to strengthen their abilities to learn and communicate in English, preparing them to meet the challenges of globalization./
quartar=area
quell: To suppress or subdue; put an end to.
鎮壓；平息。
例句： The dictator quelled the uprising.
獨裁者鎮壓暴動。
qualifiers後置修飾語:1. prepostional phrases.e.g. A man of honour./ I have had discussions over the MOI issue. 2. adj. + phrases /clausees 3. non-finite clauses i.e. to-infinitive, present participle and past participle. e.g. They saw the need to fine-tune the current arrangement./With the fine-tuning of the MOI arrangements, secondary schools can enjoy more flexibility to adopt diversified modes of MOI arrangements progressively with regard to student ability, teachers' readiness and other school-based support measures. /I would like to take this opportunity to express my thanks to all school principals and teachers for their untiring efforts in nurturing our students. 4. apposition 5. single word. e.g. The mother concerned. 6. relative clasues 7. time or location adverb Good example: Opportunities for the students to be exposed to, and use English, on top of the foundation of learning in their mother tongue, are essential in enabling them to strengthen their abilities to learn and communicate in English, preparing them to meet the challenges of globalization./
grammar-o
on: normally on is used before the date, but in the English nowadays it is fine for people not to add on. e.g. I go to church Sunday.
otherwise: differently , or in another way. e.g. he think a, but she thinks otherwise. / mary , otherwise known as mr. tsui, is my girlfriend.
out of the line: 脫節
of: modifier. eg. he is a man of honour. this is a matter of great urgency.
observe：obey e.g. observe good personal hygiene
obliged to : 有責任去/被逼去
other and one another: each other and one another are the same
opposite can be an adj or a preposition. for adjective, it should have "to" . for pre, it does not. eg. the building opposite to our school is a cityscraper.
officiate:
to be in charge of or to lead a ceremony or other public event. eg.
A priest officiated at the wedding.
-or:can be pronounced as schwa, or /o/. eg. 讀schwa, dictation, diction. 讀/o/ , e.g. guarantor. 讀 schwa or /o/, mentor, corridor, condor
object complement; eg. We made him happy. / He prized the gate open./ I knocked him unconscious.
object放在句子頭係強調個object. eg. it has done him little good. 可說, Little good has it done on him.
occupied=preoccupied
otherwise: differently , or in another way. e.g. he think a, but she thinks otherwise. / mary , otherwise known as mr. tsui, is my girlfriend.
out of the line: 脫節
of: modifier. eg. he is a man of honour. this is a matter of great urgency.
observe：obey e.g. observe good personal hygiene
obliged to : 有責任去/被逼去
other and one another: each other and one another are the same
opposite can be an adj or a preposition. for adjective, it should have "to" . for pre, it does not. eg. the building opposite to our school is a cityscraper.
officiate:
to be in charge of or to lead a ceremony or other public event. eg.
A priest officiated at the wedding.
-or:can be pronounced as schwa, or /o/. eg. 讀schwa, dictation, diction. 讀/o/ , e.g. guarantor. 讀 schwa or /o/, mentor, corridor, condor
object complement; eg. We made him happy. / He prized the gate open./ I knocked him unconscious.
object放在句子頭係強調個object. eg. it has done him little good. 可說, Little good has it done on him.
occupied=preoccupied
grammar-p
protocol: 1st:An original copy or record; esp. the first draft of a treaty, government message, etc.; often a basis for a final treaty to agreement.
原本；原稿；(外交上之)草約。
2nd :Formal code of etiquette for affairs of state.
外交禮節。
patent:The official paper granting this right.
專利狀；專利證。
promulgate:To make known to the public formally and officially; proclaim.
公布；宣佈。
例句： The king promulgated a decree.
國王頒佈一項命令。
provision:A condition, requirement, etc.
條款；規定。
proceeding:1.The course of action in a law case.
[~s] 訴訟程序。
例句： legal proceedings
訴訟。
2.The records of the business accomplished at formal meetings.
議事錄；會議記錄。
participle modifiers:Participial modifiers sometimes are intended to describe the attitude or mood of the speaker, even when the speaker is not part of the sentence. Some such modifiers are standard and are not considered dangling modifiers —— "speaking of [topic], "or "trusting that this will put things into perspective", for example, is commonly used as a transition from one topic to a related one, or adding a conclusion to a speech.
However, in a sentence such as "fuming, she left the room," "fuming" can mean only one thing: it must modify "she."
office, position, post, situation, or job have similiar but different meanings
pathogenic
pandemic: 傳染病
preposition, not prepo'sition
pianist, 不是pi'anst. but gui'tarist, and saxo'phoist
police: p-schwa-lice, not p-o-lice. police 的單數是a police force.
PC: police constable (警察也可稱officer/bobby)
post-modifiers= qualifiers
prespective: Seen in perspective通盤地看
partrioitc official 愛國官員
pacificy安撫
pharmacentical 與藥有關
passport, not pass'port.
pair: he has 2 pair of socks. other amount word: dozen, score, hundred, thousand, eg. He has three dozen of pencils. /He has two hundred of apples. 若 加-s, There are dozens /scores/hundreds/thousands of children. Million較特別 , both are ok. eg. He made three million(s) on the stock market. if the amount words are used as adjectives, no -s. eg. He made three million dollars on the stock market.
peril: danger.
Principle: in principle原則上
psychiatrist精神科醫生
practice: 實現. eg. practice medicine. practice Confucian teaching. /He practised a high degree of autonomy.
prove: 原來是. The tool proves very useful.
programme/program (AME) 節目
plunge into:導致
preside (over)作主席
persist持續
prefer A to B/prefer A rather than
propaganda: better words are publicity, promotion, public relations. propaganda is derogatory
produce vs product. produce is collective n. product is count n. eg. Milk, pork and butter are all farm produce/farm product.
prelude: 'prelude
prerequisite:Something necessary to produce a desired result.
預先必要之事物；先決條件。
peripheral:describes something that is not as important as something els
panic: get into a panic.
paranoid 係妄想,可以作ADJ,或N. eg. Don' t be so paranoid
preposition有時可省去. eg. There is no problem (in) trading drink for food. or It is no use (in) going to see him.
participle分詞句子可以係唔同subject. eg.his hair cut short, Tom looked a different man.意
pension退休金
pull oneself together=to become calm and behave normally again after being angry or upset
practiced= very good at doing something because you have a lot of experience of doing it
something which some people are able or allowed to do or have, but which is not possible or allowed for everyone =prerogative
原本；原稿；(外交上之)草約。
2nd :Formal code of etiquette for affairs of state.
外交禮節。
patent:The official paper granting this right.
專利狀；專利證。
promulgate:To make known to the public formally and officially; proclaim.
公布；宣佈。
例句： The king promulgated a decree.
國王頒佈一項命令。
provision:A condition, requirement, etc.
條款；規定。
proceeding:1.The course of action in a law case.
[~s] 訴訟程序。
例句： legal proceedings
訴訟。
2.The records of the business accomplished at formal meetings.
議事錄；會議記錄。
participle modifiers:Participial modifiers sometimes are intended to describe the attitude or mood of the speaker, even when the speaker is not part of the sentence. Some such modifiers are standard and are not considered dangling modifiers —— "speaking of [topic], "or "trusting that this will put things into perspective", for example, is commonly used as a transition from one topic to a related one, or adding a conclusion to a speech.
However, in a sentence such as "fuming, she left the room," "fuming" can mean only one thing: it must modify "she."
office, position, post, situation, or job have similiar but different meanings
pathogenic
pandemic: 傳染病
preposition, not prepo'sition
pianist, 不是pi'anst. but gui'tarist, and saxo'phoist
police: p-schwa-lice, not p-o-lice. police 的單數是a police force.
PC: police constable (警察也可稱officer/bobby)
post-modifiers= qualifiers
prespective: Seen in perspective通盤地看
partrioitc official 愛國官員
pacificy安撫
pharmacentical 與藥有關
passport, not pass'port.
pair: he has 2 pair of socks. other amount word: dozen, score, hundred, thousand, eg. He has three dozen of pencils. /He has two hundred of apples. 若 加-s, There are dozens /scores/hundreds/thousands of children. Million較特別 , both are ok. eg. He made three million(s) on the stock market. if the amount words are used as adjectives, no -s. eg. He made three million dollars on the stock market.
peril: danger.
Principle: in principle原則上
psychiatrist精神科醫生
practice: 實現. eg. practice medicine. practice Confucian teaching. /He practised a high degree of autonomy.
prove: 原來是. The tool proves very useful.
programme/program (AME) 節目
plunge into:導致
preside (over)作主席
persist持續
prefer A to B/prefer A rather than
propaganda: better words are publicity, promotion, public relations. propaganda is derogatory
produce vs product. produce is collective n. product is count n. eg. Milk, pork and butter are all farm produce/farm product.
prelude: 'prelude
prerequisite:Something necessary to produce a desired result.
預先必要之事物；先決條件。
peripheral:describes something that is not as important as something els
panic: get into a panic.
paranoid 係妄想,可以作ADJ,或N. eg. Don' t be so paranoid
preposition有時可省去. eg. There is no problem (in) trading drink for food. or It is no use (in) going to see him.
participle分詞句子可以係唔同subject. eg.his hair cut short, Tom looked a different man.意
pension退休金
pull oneself together=to become calm and behave normally again after being angry or upset
practiced= very good at doing something because you have a lot of experience of doing it
something which some people are able or allowed to do or have, but which is not possible or allowed for everyone =prerogative
grammar-M
move:To put before a meeting for a vote.
動議；提議。
motion:A formal proposal made in a meeting.
動議；提議
mandate:An authorization to act given to a representative.
(選民對選出的代表，議會等的)授權。
mind your p's and q's
more: i cannot agree more. you cannot be over /too careful. 用NEGATIVE講POSITIVE
mainland. on the mainland 不是 in the mainland.
may not=mayn't but rarely used
multi-racial
municipality 自治市
mosque /mosk/ : islamic temple
malevolent: causing harm or evil.
menace /menis/ : threat
meritocracy: a social system in which people have power because of their abilities.
make merry歡騰
matrimonial togetherness 白頭到老
not to mention= as well as . e.g he has a, b, not to mention c.
must needs, or needs must偏要做些不智的事
make: to be e.g. Birds make god pets. / she will make a good teacher.
methodically有條理地
mandate: the real power
minutes中的WILL成為WOULD, 無論件事記MINUTE個時發生左未
modifier:In grammar, a modifier (or qualifier) is a word or sentence element that describes and provides more accurate definitional meaning for another word, a phrase, or a clause. In English, there are two kinds of modifiers: adjectives, which modify nouns and pronouns, and adverbs, which modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. A modifier phrase is a phrase that acts as a modifier; English has adjective phrases and adverb phrases. Neither modifiers nor modifier phrases are usually required by a clause's syntax; they are optional, and help clarify or limit the extent of the meaning of the word or phrase they modify.
The adjective "green" in the phrase "a green tree" modifies "tree", and thus limits its meaning in that it cannot be, say, a deciduous tree in winter. In the same way, the adverb "kindly" modifies the past tense of the verb "let" in "she kindly let me borrow her scissors". An adverb may also modify an adjective, such as in "abjectly poor".
A premodifier is a modifier placed before the head (the modified component). A postmodifier is a modifier placed after the head. Example: "land (pre-modifier) mines in wartime (post-modifier)".
Adverbial clauses (or particle phrases) such as "of course", "as it were", etc., commenting on the rest of the sentence or what has gone before in a previous sentence, may also be classed as modifiers, as in "Of course, he was never one to be silent" or "Unfortunately, we arrived late." Understanding adverbial clauses and how they function in discourse is often very useful in interpreting subtle layers of meaning.
Another way of defining a modifier is that it, the adjective or adverb, is dependent on the part of the sentence it modifies, namely the noun or verb. Nouns and verbs are obligatory elements in that a complete sentence requires, minimally, a subject and a verb. Adjectives and adverbs, on the other hand, are optional elements. We can say, for example, "Dogs growl" (noun + verb) or "Big dogs growl loudly" (adjective + noun + verb + adverb). Either is a grammatical sentence, because the adjective and adverb are not essential in forming a complete sentence, whereas the noun and verb are.
In compound nouns, the first of the two words so combined functions as a modifier, such as "elementary" in "elementary school", "mountain" in "mountain bike", etc.
a man of letters 文人
at most最多
memoir [memwa]
feel your mortality覺得人生苦短
grammar-n
noteworthy: 值得注意的
nuance細微差異
needless to say 不是好英文, 用naturally or As may be respected
number: If placed the first word in a sentence, it should be in alabraic number.
english name is not the name in english. the former is louis, the latter is liu kong sum
no: 可用單數或雙數
有營養可以係nutritious, nutrient, nutritive; 而nutriments 解營養物,而nutrition解營養
news headline的寫法係1. 無咗article, auxiliary verb and be 2. use present tense instead of past tense.
no matter後要有WH-word, eg. no matter whether...
nuance細微差異
needless to say 不是好英文, 用naturally or As may be respected
number: If placed the first word in a sentence, it should be in alabraic number.
english name is not the name in english. the former is louis, the latter is liu kong sum
no: 可用單數或雙數
有營養可以係nutritious, nutrient, nutritive; 而nutriments 解營養物,而nutrition解營養
news headline的寫法係1. 無咗article, auxiliary verb and be 2. use present tense instead of past tense.
no matter後要有WH-word, eg. no matter whether...
grammar_K
kind of or sort of : of is weak form. it can be put anywhere in a sentence. it is oral english. not an idiom
kind: a lot of possible usage. we can say i have two kinds of solutions. or solution. we can also say these or those kind of ....we can also say apples of this kind/sort/type.
know: he knows how to swim , not swimming./ know means understand. e.g. he knows to water the plants.
knot: undo..the knot
keep up:
to continue without stopping or changing, or to continue something without allowing it to stop or change
Keep up the good work!
He does not know a thing= he does not know anything
grammar-l
liable to=易遭到(損傷、危險、損失等)的
liaison聯絡
legislature:The body in a state which has the power of enacting laws.
立法院；議院；立法機關
legislation:
1.The act of making a law or laws.
立法。
2. The laws so made.
法律。
lead: the main character
lsitening 可睇<>, (oxford)
lee kuan yew
legislate for ...
lunchen=formal word for lunch
loot = to snatch
leave for =depart for = leave one place and go to another
laissez faire 呢四FAIR
lots of = a lot of . e.g. there was a lot of water.
leap to her own death跳樓
lesson of the blood
Lipton, not Lip'ton
loser廢柴
i think i've been loud and clear我已經講得好清楚
liaison聯絡
legislature:The body in a state which has the power of enacting laws.
立法院；議院；立法機關
legislation:
1.The act of making a law or laws.
立法。
2. The laws so made.
法律。
lead: the main character
lsitening 可睇<
lee kuan yew
legislate for ...
lunchen=formal word for lunch
loot = to snatch
leave for =depart for = leave one place and go to another
laissez faire 呢四FAIR
lots of = a lot of . e.g. there was a lot of water.
leap to her own death跳樓
lesson of the blood
Lipton, not Lip'ton
loser廢柴
i think i've been loud and clear我已經講得好清楚
grammar-I
invalidate:To weaken or destroy the force or authority of.
使失去效力。
indirect speech: the past tense can be kept. (see michael swan: practical english usage)
idiom 查<<綜合英語成語詞典>> (福建人民出版社)
incorruptibility
impose 實施
inconceivable 難以實施的
indispensable 不可或缺的
in terms of
injured not euqal to wounded .eg. He was wounded in the war. but injured in the accident. wounded is more serious.
imminent 迫在眉睫的
if: if you would excuse me. Ok因為 if clause有 條件句 PROTASIS和結論句PODOSIS
of the impressions that
insight can be count or uncount. count, it means good opinions.e.g full of insights. but uncount means the wisdom of looking things deeply. eg. a man of great insight
indigenous people is the better word for natives
infectious = easily to infect
inquest聆訊
unimaginative is not equal to unimaginable. the first one means not creative. the second word means hard to accept
instance 要求
intransitive, not in'trasitive
incumbent: The holder of an office.
任職者。
例句： the incumbent mayor
現任的市長。
inversion: 倒裝句的SUBJECT要係NOUN,不能是PRONOUN. eg. On the floor lay a cat. XOn the floor lay it.
indirect speech:如果仲未發生,咁可以用Will. eg. Mr Lee told me yesterday he will return the book to you in a week. 當然可以用WOULD. 但WILL比WOULD更肯定.
indirect speech中的NOW不一定要轉, 因為NOW可以解THEN.
inversion: 倒裝句用於兩個情況, 一係用-ve words開頭, eg. Never have I seen such thing. others: seldom, rarely, hardly, no sooner, in no circumstances. 一係用表示方向,位置的字眼, eg. here, there, up, down, inside, outside. eg. There stood the soldier. 但不可說There stood he.
-ics: 學科, 通常是單數. eg. Mathematics is his speciality. 但若有pronoun. 如his, the,etc, 咁就當複數.eg. his mathematics are poor.
split infinitive無問題. eg to really understand it.
inflict that kind of pain
使失去效力。
indirect speech: the past tense can be kept. (see michael swan: practical english usage)
idiom 查<<綜合英語成語詞典>> (福建人民出版社)
incorruptibility
impose 實施
inconceivable 難以實施的
indispensable 不可或缺的
in terms of
injured not euqal to wounded .eg. He was wounded in the war. but injured in the accident. wounded is more serious.
imminent 迫在眉睫的
if: if you would excuse me. Ok因為 if clause有 條件句 PROTASIS和結論句PODOSIS
of the impressions that
insight can be count or uncount. count, it means good opinions.e.g full of insights. but uncount means the wisdom of looking things deeply. eg. a man of great insight
indigenous people is the better word for natives
infectious = easily to infect
inquest聆訊
unimaginative is not equal to unimaginable. the first one means not creative. the second word means hard to accept
instance 要求
intransitive, not in'trasitive
incumbent: The holder of an office.
任職者。
例句： the incumbent mayor
現任的市長。
inversion: 倒裝句的SUBJECT要係NOUN,不能是PRONOUN. eg. On the floor lay a cat. XOn the floor lay it.
indirect speech:如果仲未發生,咁可以用Will. eg. Mr Lee told me yesterday he will return the book to you in a week. 當然可以用WOULD. 但WILL比WOULD更肯定.
indirect speech中的NOW不一定要轉, 因為NOW可以解THEN.
inversion: 倒裝句用於兩個情況, 一係用-ve words開頭, eg. Never have I seen such thing. others: seldom, rarely, hardly, no sooner, in no circumstances. 一係用表示方向,位置的字眼, eg. here, there, up, down, inside, outside. eg. There stood the soldier. 但不可說There stood he.
-ics: 學科, 通常是單數. eg. Mathematics is his speciality. 但若有pronoun. 如his, the,etc, 咁就當複數.eg. his mathematics are poor.
split infinitive無問題. eg to really understand it.
inflict that kind of pain
Grammar-F
formality: put out vs extinguisuh the fire. abolish or do away with tax. Formal english is used in notice, report, speech, news report, while less formal english is used in conversation, entertainment program and personal letters.
fish is a plural n. the plural form can be fish or fishes.when it means "the meat of fish", it is uncount n.
find: it means to be a situation at a time. e.g. I find he walking in the garden. China finds itself engulfed in a serious political crisis.
family: can mean sons and daughters. e.g. He has no family=he has no sons or daughters.
family: extended family =big family
fear: for fear of... or for fear that 以防
fight the outbreak= to use a lot of effort to defeat or achieve something, or to stop something happening:outbreak, disease, crime
fortune: the 2nd syllable can be weak form or u: sound
finish: I am finished can mean "I have finished ..." or "I am dead."
following: adj. so, the following, but not the followings
fail: it is better to say I fail in the exam, but we can also say " I fail the exam."
family: 李氏家庭係 the Lee family, not the Lee's family
full-stop: for p.m. , full-stop is not needed; for ..., full-stop is needed. e.g. I buy apples, bananas, grapes....
fruit: count n. if it means different kinds of fruits, but generally it is uncount n.
fortune teller: someone who tells a fortune
fatalistic: He has a fatalistic attitude to love.
friendly: adj. so, he said friendly is wrong, which should be he said in a friendly way
for: the most correct sentence is I have had the disease for 2 years, but we can say "I have the disease 2 years".
feel like: there are 2 meanings. 1st: 想．I feel like eating icecream. 2nd: ２感覺像是：I feel like I am on the beach.
on a first-come-first-served basis先到先得
findings:1st-Discovery; something found.
(常用複數)發現；發現物。
2nd- The verdict of a jury, or court.
(常用複數)【法律】(陪審團或法庭的)判決。
fragmentation: eg. Because it is popular.
frist 可作adv. eg. He arrived first.
fell指擊倒, 過去式為felled
forewarn=to tell someone that something unpleasant is going to happen
forewarned is forearmed=said to mean that if you know about something before it happens, you can be prepared for it
fish is a plural n. the plural form can be fish or fishes.when it means "the meat of fish", it is uncount n.
find: it means to be a situation at a time. e.g. I find he walking in the garden. China finds itself engulfed in a serious political crisis.
family: can mean sons and daughters. e.g. He has no family=he has no sons or daughters.
family: extended family =big family
fear: for fear of... or for fear that 以防
fight the outbreak= to use a lot of effort to defeat or achieve something, or to stop something happening:outbreak, disease, crime
fortune: the 2nd syllable can be weak form or u: sound
finish: I am finished can mean "I have finished ..." or "I am dead."
following: adj. so, the following, but not the followings
fail: it is better to say I fail in the exam, but we can also say " I fail the exam."
family: 李氏家庭係 the Lee family, not the Lee's family
full-stop: for p.m. , full-stop is not needed; for ..., full-stop is needed. e.g. I buy apples, bananas, grapes....
fruit: count n. if it means different kinds of fruits, but generally it is uncount n.
fortune teller: someone who tells a fortune
fatalistic: He has a fatalistic attitude to love.
friendly: adj. so, he said friendly is wrong, which should be he said in a friendly way
for: the most correct sentence is I have had the disease for 2 years, but we can say "I have the disease 2 years".
feel like: there are 2 meanings. 1st: 想．I feel like eating icecream. 2nd: ２感覺像是：I feel like I am on the beach.
on a first-come-first-served basis先到先得
findings:1st-Discovery; something found.
(常用複數)發現；發現物。
2nd- The verdict of a jury, or court.
(常用複數)【法律】(陪審團或法庭的)判決。
fragmentation: eg. Because it is popular.
frist 可作adv. eg. He arrived first.
fell指擊倒, 過去式為felled
forewarn=to tell someone that something unpleasant is going to happen
forewarned is forearmed=said to mean that if you know about something before it happens, you can be prepared for it
Grammar-H
To turn or depend, as on a hinge.
依...而定；視...而定。
例句： My future hinges upon the decision of one person.
我的前途全看某一個人的決定。
herald (v.) 預告e.g the principal's speech heralds a new era.
honourable: the Reverand Professor Honorable
hurt, if meant to the body, we say badly, seriously, if emotionally, then deeply, extrememly
horribly =very
historic not equal to historical. historic means very important in the history. but historical means about history
can't help but/ have no choice/helpless無奈
hit hard深受打擊
hospitalised (hospitalise as a verb)
hours =opening hours
hotline : can receive a call
holiday can mean a day or more than 1 day.e.g. I am taking three days' holiday. so, summer holiday or summer holidays are ok
after-hours movie
silent /h/ sound: graham, durham,vehicle. but vehicular 有/h/ sound
hopefully: In the last forty years or so, controversy has arisen over the proper usage of the adverb hopefully.[2] Some grammarians objected when they first encountered constructions such as "Hopefully, the sun will be shining tomorrow." Their complaint stems from the fact that the term "hopefully" dangles, and can be understood to describe either the speaker's state of mind, or the manner in which the sun will shine. It was no longer just an adverb modifying a verb, an adjective or another adverb, but conveniently also one that modified the whole sentence, in order to convey the attitude of the speaker.
Grammatically speaking, "hopefully" used in this way is a sentence adverb (cf. "admittedly", "mercifully", "oddly"). For example, most listeners will interpret "Hopefully, John got home last night" as meaning that the speaker hopes that John arrived home last night, not that John got home last night in a hopeful manner. "Hopefully", used in this way, is thus reminiscent of the German "hoffentlich", which also means "it is to be hoped that...". Sentence adverbs are useful in colloquial speech, which benefits from the concision they permit. Per Bernstein's Miss Thistlebottom's Hobgoblins[3]:
No other word in English expresses that thought. In a single word we can say it is regrettable that (regrettably) or it is fortunate that (fortunately) or it is lucky that (luckily), and it would be comforting if there were such a word as hopably or, as suggested by Follett, hopingly, but there isn't. [...] In this instance nothing is to be lost—the word would not be destroyed in its primary meaning—and a useful, nay necessary term is to be gained.
What had been expressed in lengthy adverbial constructions, such as "it is regrettable that …" or "it is fortunate that …", had of course always been shortened to the adverbs "regrettably" or "fortunately". Bill Bryson says, "... those writers who scrupulously avoid 'hopefully' in such constructions do not hesitate to use at least a dozen other words—'apparently', 'presumably', 'happily', 'sadly', 'mercifully', 'thankfully', and so on—in precisely the same way".[4] What has changed, however, in the controversy over "hopefully" being used for "he was hoping that ...", or "she was full of hope that ...", is that the original clause was transferred from the speaker, as a kind of shorthand to the subject itself, as though "it" had expressed the hope. ("Hopefully, the sun will be shining".) Although this still expressed the speaker's hope "that the sun will be shining" it may have caused a certain disorientation as to who was expressing what when it first appeared. As time passes, this controversy will fade as the usage becomes increasingly accepted, especially since such adverbs as "mercifully", "gratefully", and "thankfully" are similarly used.
Merriam-Webster gives a usage note on its entry for "hopefully" in which the editors point out that the disjunct sense of the word dates to the early 18th century and had been in widespread use since at least the 1930s. Objection to this sense of the word, they state, only became widespread in the 1960s. The editors maintain that this usage is "entirely standard".[5]
Yet the choice of "regrettably" above as a counterexample points out an additional problem. At the time that objection to "hopefully" became publicized, grammar books relentlessly pointed out the distinction between "regrettably" and "regretfully". The latter is not to be used as a sentence adverb, it must refer to the subject of the sentence; its misuse produces more deplorable results than "hopefully", and may have furthered disdain for the latter. No one added the counterpart *hopeably to the language.
hooligans: 搞事球迷
he who: this is a traditional saying. eg. from bible: he who humbeles himself shall be exalted.
had better為何不是have better. 因為had better係講啲未發生的事, 係假設性.
big heart慷慨大方(n), big-hearted is the adj
hear 和hear of 的分別: hear 是聽到, hear of 是獲悉
hooked up with[ really special guys]
依...而定；視...而定。
例句： My future hinges upon the decision of one person.
我的前途全看某一個人的決定。
herald (v.) 預告e.g the principal's speech heralds a new era.
honourable: the Reverand Professor Honorable
hurt, if meant to the body, we say badly, seriously, if emotionally, then deeply, extrememly
horribly =very
historic not equal to historical. historic means very important in the history. but historical means about history
can't help but/ have no choice/helpless無奈
hit hard深受打擊
hospitalised (hospitalise as a verb)
hours =opening hours
hotline : can receive a call
holiday can mean a day or more than 1 day.e.g. I am taking three days' holiday. so, summer holiday or summer holidays are ok
after-hours movie
silent /h/ sound: graham, durham,vehicle. but vehicular 有/h/ sound
hopefully: In the last forty years or so, controversy has arisen over the proper usage of the adverb hopefully.[2] Some grammarians objected when they first encountered constructions such as "Hopefully, the sun will be shining tomorrow." Their complaint stems from the fact that the term "hopefully" dangles, and can be understood to describe either the speaker's state of mind, or the manner in which the sun will shine. It was no longer just an adverb modifying a verb, an adjective or another adverb, but conveniently also one that modified the whole sentence, in order to convey the attitude of the speaker.
Grammatically speaking, "hopefully" used in this way is a sentence adverb (cf. "admittedly", "mercifully", "oddly"). For example, most listeners will interpret "Hopefully, John got home last night" as meaning that the speaker hopes that John arrived home last night, not that John got home last night in a hopeful manner. "Hopefully", used in this way, is thus reminiscent of the German "hoffentlich", which also means "it is to be hoped that...". Sentence adverbs are useful in colloquial speech, which benefits from the concision they permit. Per Bernstein's Miss Thistlebottom's Hobgoblins[3]:
No other word in English expresses that thought. In a single word we can say it is regrettable that (regrettably) or it is fortunate that (fortunately) or it is lucky that (luckily), and it would be comforting if there were such a word as hopably or, as suggested by Follett, hopingly, but there isn't. [...] In this instance nothing is to be lost—the word would not be destroyed in its primary meaning—and a useful, nay necessary term is to be gained.
What had been expressed in lengthy adverbial constructions, such as "it is regrettable that …" or "it is fortunate that …", had of course always been shortened to the adverbs "regrettably" or "fortunately". Bill Bryson says, "... those writers who scrupulously avoid 'hopefully' in such constructions do not hesitate to use at least a dozen other words—'apparently', 'presumably', 'happily', 'sadly', 'mercifully', 'thankfully', and so on—in precisely the same way".[4] What has changed, however, in the controversy over "hopefully" being used for "he was hoping that ...", or "she was full of hope that ...", is that the original clause was transferred from the speaker, as a kind of shorthand to the subject itself, as though "it" had expressed the hope. ("Hopefully, the sun will be shining".) Although this still expressed the speaker's hope "that the sun will be shining" it may have caused a certain disorientation as to who was expressing what when it first appeared. As time passes, this controversy will fade as the usage becomes increasingly accepted, especially since such adverbs as "mercifully", "gratefully", and "thankfully" are similarly used.
Merriam-Webster gives a usage note on its entry for "hopefully" in which the editors point out that the disjunct sense of the word dates to the early 18th century and had been in widespread use since at least the 1930s. Objection to this sense of the word, they state, only became widespread in the 1960s. The editors maintain that this usage is "entirely standard".[5]
Yet the choice of "regrettably" above as a counterexample points out an additional problem. At the time that objection to "hopefully" became publicized, grammar books relentlessly pointed out the distinction between "regrettably" and "regretfully". The latter is not to be used as a sentence adverb, it must refer to the subject of the sentence; its misuse produces more deplorable results than "hopefully", and may have furthered disdain for the latter. No one added the counterpart *hopeably to the language.
hooligans: 搞事球迷
he who: this is a traditional saying. eg. from bible: he who humbeles himself shall be exalted.
had better為何不是have better. 因為had better係講啲未發生的事, 係假設性.
big heart慷慨大方(n), big-hearted is the adj
hear 和hear of 的分別: hear 是聽到, hear of 是獲悉
hooked up with[ really special guys]
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