2010年7月18日 星期日
2010年7月1日 星期四
Common mistakes (II): comma splice/ run-on sentence
Run-on sentence: no punctuation or conjunction
A run-on sentence is a sentence in which two or more independent clauses (that is, complete sentences) are joined with no punctuation or conjunction. It is generally considered to be a grammatical error.
eg. It is nearly half past five we cannot reach town before dark.
A run-on sentence does not mean a sentence is too long; longer sentences are likely to be run-ons only when they contain more than one complete idea. A run-on sentence can be as short as four words—for instance: I drive she walks. In this case there are two complete ideas (independent clauses): two subjects paired with two (intransitive) verbs. So long as clauses are punctuated appropriately, a writer can assemble multiple independent clauses in a single sentence; in fact, a properly constructed sentence can be extended indefinitely.
Comma splice: a type of run-on sentence
A comma splice is the use of a comma to join ("splice") two independent clauses in a
sentence, where the clauses are not connected by a coordinating conjunction.
Some grammarians also include a comma splice, in which two independent clauses are joined with a comma, as a type of run-on sentence,[1] while others exclude comma splices from the definition of a run-on sentence.[2][3]
e.g. It is nearly half past five, we cannot reach town before dark.[1]
Comma splices are generally considered errors in both British and American English although they are acceptable in some languages, including French and German.
Comma splices are condemned in The Elements of Style, a popular American English style guide by E.B. White and William Strunk, Jr.[2]
According to Joanne Buckley,[3] writers often use conjunctive adverbs to separate two independent clauses instead of using a coordinating conjunction and, in doing so, create comma splices.
A coordinating conjunction is one of the following seven words: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. A conjunctive adverb, on the other hand, is a word like furthermore, however, moreover. However, a conjunctive adverb and a comma or a conjunctive adverb between two commas is not strong enough to separate two independent clauses and creates a comma splice. Only semicolons and periods are strong enough to separate two independent clauses without a conjunction.
Controversy about comma-splice
Grammarians disagree as to whether a comma splice also constitutes a run-on sentence. Some define run-on sentences to include comma splices,[4] but others limit the term to strictly mean those in which independent clauses are joined without any punctuation, thereby excluding comma splices.[5][6]
Strunk & White note that splices are sometimes acceptable when the clauses are short and alike in form, such as: The gate swung apart, the bridge fell, the portcullis was drawn up.
Fowler[7] (third edition, 1996) notes a number of examples by reputable authors: “ We are all accustomed to the ... conjoined sentences that turn up from children or from our less literate friends... Curiously, this habit of writing comma-joined sentences is not uncommon in both older and present-day fiction. Modern examples: I have the bed still, it is in every way suitable for the old house where I live now (E. Jolley); Marcus ... was of course already quite a famous man, Ludens had even heard of him from friends at Cambridge (I. Murdoch). ”
The comma splice is often considered acceptable in poetic writing. The editors of the Jerusalem Bible translate Isaiah 11:4 as: His word is a rock that strikes the ruthless, his sentences bring death to the wicked.[8]
Lynne Truss[9] observes: "so many highly respected writers observe the splice comma that a rather unfair rule emerges on this one: only do it if you're famous." She cites Samuel Beckett, E. M. Forster, and Somerset Maugham. "Done knowingly by an established writer, the comma splice is effective, poetic, dashing. Done equally knowingly by people who are not published writers, it can look weak or presumptuous. Done ignorantly by ignorant people, it is awful."
Solution to comma-splice
Simply removing the comma does not correct the error, but results in a run-on sentence. There are several ways to correct this:
l Change the comma to another punctuation mark:
It is nearly half past five; we cannot reach town before dark.
It is nearly half past five – we cannot reach town before dark.
l Write the two clauses as two separate sentences:
It is nearly half past five. We cannot reach town before dark.
l Insert a coordinating conjunction following the comma:
It is nearly half past five, and we cannot reach town before dark.
It is nearly half past five, so we cannot reach town before dark.
l Make one clause dependent on the other:
As it is nearly half past five, we cannot reach town before dark.
Because it is nearly half past five, we cannot reach town before dark.
l Use a semicolon or dash and a conjunctive adverb:
It is nearly half past five; therefore, we cannot reach town before dark.
It is nearly half past five – therefore, we cannot reach town before dark.
2010年5月14日 星期五
Grammar-w
whereby= by which way
wound: wound is for some unreal thing, no matter it is in the present or in the future. like type II conditional
why: write a sentence why you picked that word is bad sentence. should be write a sentence *to explain * why you picked that word.
whshun=martial art
weigh the pros and cons
weekends= at weekends or on weekends.
word : if means "promise" , it is singular. eg. keep one's word, break one's word, a man of his word, take my word for it.
whereas= while
in the wake of 緊隨之而來
whole is not eual to wholly: whole means the whole piece, but wholly means copletely. eg. I eat the chicken whole. I eat the chicken wholly. They are different.
for all its worth
wet one's /the bed尿床. wet dream夢遺
week: 在日期後加WEEK字, 可指前個或下個日期. eg. i will visit him Sunday week.指下個星期日我去探他. 但i visited him wednesday week是上星期三我去探他.
with all due respect如我直言
the window to the soul=eyes
wound: wound is for some unreal thing, no matter it is in the present or in the future. like type II conditional
why: write a sentence why you picked that word is bad sentence. should be write a sentence *to explain * why you picked that word.
whshun=martial art
weigh the pros and cons
weekends= at weekends or on weekends.
word : if means "promise" , it is singular. eg. keep one's word, break one's word, a man of his word, take my word for it.
whereas= while
in the wake of 緊隨之而來
whole is not eual to wholly: whole means the whole piece, but wholly means copletely. eg. I eat the chicken whole. I eat the chicken wholly. They are different.
for all its worth
wet one's /the bed尿床. wet dream夢遺
week: 在日期後加WEEK字, 可指前個或下個日期. eg. i will visit him Sunday week.指下個星期日我去探他. 但i visited him wednesday week是上星期三我去探他.
with all due respect如我直言
the window to the soul=eyes
grammar-r
resolution:A formal proposal or statement of opinion voted on and adopted in a legislative assembly or public meeting.
決議；決議案。
reap:
To cut and gather grain.
收割。
To receive the reward of one's actions; gain.
收穫；收成。
render=To cause to be.
使成。
例句： Age had rendered him peevish.
年老使他暴躁。
That will render the whole attempt fruitless.
reasons: for reasons of confidentiality
reconcile:
reminiscent: (of) it is reminiscent of the 1980s.
reenact: eg. reenact重新演出 the myth
riot: noisy, uncontrolled public meeting
rickshaw piller: 人力車夫
reside: 住
rhinitis =allegery of nose
relics 遺物
ratify= to make an agreement official
reiterate=restate
reassuring
revive =to wake up
repeated words need comma to separate: eg. Many people who invest, invest blindly. / What will be, will be.
rather: would rather=had rather
reason can be count or uncount. eg. I have reason to be angry. / I have 3 reasons to go there. if it means some specific reasons, add -s. eg. For reasons of economy, he goes to school on foot.
rote learning : learning sth in order to repeat it from memory
redress system:申訴制度
rule out 排除
rat vs mouse. rat is larger.
rendezous: 約會
repercussions: bad effects
risk: (as a noun) as the risk of...
rule判
refrain (from)
real: very eg.. he is real angry.
require: that-clause or to-infinitive
roger: 為何聽講機係ROGER?因為R STANDS FOR RECEIVED. 收到收到.
radio: i heard it on the radio. 開機係switch on /put on/ turn on the radio. 開大聲啲係turn up the radio. (turn down)調台: tune in to Radio Hong Kong.
result: 通常跟adverbial, eg. result from.. or result in...但也可以單獨result. eg. the war resulted badly. or Both countries laid claim to the territory , and war resulted.
rain若是一場場雨,可以係a rain
rolls-royce 可以係名詞, 或形容詞
決議；決議案。
reap:
To cut and gather grain.
收割。
To receive the reward of one's actions; gain.
收穫；收成。
render=To cause to be.
使成。
例句： Age had rendered him peevish.
年老使他暴躁。
That will render the whole attempt fruitless.
reasons: for reasons of confidentiality
reconcile:
reminiscent: (of) it is reminiscent of the 1980s.
reenact: eg. reenact重新演出 the myth
riot: noisy, uncontrolled public meeting
rickshaw piller: 人力車夫
reside: 住
rhinitis =allegery of nose
relics 遺物
ratify= to make an agreement official
reiterate=restate
reassuring
revive =to wake up
repeated words need comma to separate: eg. Many people who invest, invest blindly. / What will be, will be.
rather: would rather=had rather
reason can be count or uncount. eg. I have reason to be angry. / I have 3 reasons to go there. if it means some specific reasons, add -s. eg. For reasons of economy, he goes to school on foot.
rote learning : learning sth in order to repeat it from memory
redress system:申訴制度
rule out 排除
rat vs mouse. rat is larger.
rendezous: 約會
repercussions: bad effects
risk: (as a noun) as the risk of...
rule判
refrain (from)
real: very eg.. he is real angry.
require: that-clause or to-infinitive
roger: 為何聽講機係ROGER?因為R STANDS FOR RECEIVED. 收到收到.
radio: i heard it on the radio. 開機係switch on /put on/ turn on the radio. 開大聲啲係turn up the radio. (turn down)調台: tune in to Radio Hong Kong.
result: 通常跟adverbial, eg. result from.. or result in...但也可以單獨result. eg. the war resulted badly. or Both countries laid claim to the territory , and war resulted.
rain若是一場場雨,可以係a rain
rolls-royce 可以係名詞, 或形容詞
grammar-q
have no qualms about= have no guilt about
quartar=area
quell: To suppress or subdue; put an end to.
鎮壓；平息。
例句： The dictator quelled the uprising.
獨裁者鎮壓暴動。
qualifiers後置修飾語:1. prepostional phrases.e.g. A man of honour./ I have had discussions over the MOI issue. 2. adj. + phrases /clausees 3. non-finite clauses i.e. to-infinitive, present participle and past participle. e.g. They saw the need to fine-tune the current arrangement./With the fine-tuning of the MOI arrangements, secondary schools can enjoy more flexibility to adopt diversified modes of MOI arrangements progressively with regard to student ability, teachers' readiness and other school-based support measures. /I would like to take this opportunity to express my thanks to all school principals and teachers for their untiring efforts in nurturing our students. 4. apposition 5. single word. e.g. The mother concerned. 6. relative clasues 7. time or location adverb Good example: Opportunities for the students to be exposed to, and use English, on top of the foundation of learning in their mother tongue, are essential in enabling them to strengthen their abilities to learn and communicate in English, preparing them to meet the challenges of globalization./
quartar=area
quell: To suppress or subdue; put an end to.
鎮壓；平息。
例句： The dictator quelled the uprising.
獨裁者鎮壓暴動。
qualifiers後置修飾語:1. prepostional phrases.e.g. A man of honour./ I have had discussions over the MOI issue. 2. adj. + phrases /clausees 3. non-finite clauses i.e. to-infinitive, present participle and past participle. e.g. They saw the need to fine-tune the current arrangement./With the fine-tuning of the MOI arrangements, secondary schools can enjoy more flexibility to adopt diversified modes of MOI arrangements progressively with regard to student ability, teachers' readiness and other school-based support measures. /I would like to take this opportunity to express my thanks to all school principals and teachers for their untiring efforts in nurturing our students. 4. apposition 5. single word. e.g. The mother concerned. 6. relative clasues 7. time or location adverb Good example: Opportunities for the students to be exposed to, and use English, on top of the foundation of learning in their mother tongue, are essential in enabling them to strengthen their abilities to learn and communicate in English, preparing them to meet the challenges of globalization./
grammar-o
on: normally on is used before the date, but in the English nowadays it is fine for people not to add on. e.g. I go to church Sunday.
otherwise: differently , or in another way. e.g. he think a, but she thinks otherwise. / mary , otherwise known as mr. tsui, is my girlfriend.
out of the line: 脫節
of: modifier. eg. he is a man of honour. this is a matter of great urgency.
observe：obey e.g. observe good personal hygiene
obliged to : 有責任去/被逼去
other and one another: each other and one another are the same
opposite can be an adj or a preposition. for adjective, it should have "to" . for pre, it does not. eg. the building opposite to our school is a cityscraper.
officiate:
to be in charge of or to lead a ceremony or other public event. eg.
A priest officiated at the wedding.
-or:can be pronounced as schwa, or /o/. eg. 讀schwa, dictation, diction. 讀/o/ , e.g. guarantor. 讀 schwa or /o/, mentor, corridor, condor
object complement; eg. We made him happy. / He prized the gate open./ I knocked him unconscious.
object放在句子頭係強調個object. eg. it has done him little good. 可說, Little good has it done on him.
occupied=preoccupied
otherwise: differently , or in another way. e.g. he think a, but she thinks otherwise. / mary , otherwise known as mr. tsui, is my girlfriend.
out of the line: 脫節
of: modifier. eg. he is a man of honour. this is a matter of great urgency.
observe：obey e.g. observe good personal hygiene
obliged to : 有責任去/被逼去
other and one another: each other and one another are the same
opposite can be an adj or a preposition. for adjective, it should have "to" . for pre, it does not. eg. the building opposite to our school is a cityscraper.
officiate:
to be in charge of or to lead a ceremony or other public event. eg.
A priest officiated at the wedding.
-or:can be pronounced as schwa, or /o/. eg. 讀schwa, dictation, diction. 讀/o/ , e.g. guarantor. 讀 schwa or /o/, mentor, corridor, condor
object complement; eg. We made him happy. / He prized the gate open./ I knocked him unconscious.
object放在句子頭係強調個object. eg. it has done him little good. 可說, Little good has it done on him.
occupied=preoccupied
grammar-p
protocol: 1st:An original copy or record; esp. the first draft of a treaty, government message, etc.; often a basis for a final treaty to agreement.
原本；原稿；(外交上之)草約。
2nd :Formal code of etiquette for affairs of state.
外交禮節。
patent:The official paper granting this right.
專利狀；專利證。
promulgate:To make known to the public formally and officially; proclaim.
公布；宣佈。
例句： The king promulgated a decree.
國王頒佈一項命令。
provision:A condition, requirement, etc.
條款；規定。
proceeding:1.The course of action in a law case.
[~s] 訴訟程序。
例句： legal proceedings
訴訟。
2.The records of the business accomplished at formal meetings.
議事錄；會議記錄。
participle modifiers:Participial modifiers sometimes are intended to describe the attitude or mood of the speaker, even when the speaker is not part of the sentence. Some such modifiers are standard and are not considered dangling modifiers —— "speaking of [topic], "or "trusting that this will put things into perspective", for example, is commonly used as a transition from one topic to a related one, or adding a conclusion to a speech.
However, in a sentence such as "fuming, she left the room," "fuming" can mean only one thing: it must modify "she."
office, position, post, situation, or job have similiar but different meanings
pathogenic
pandemic: 傳染病
preposition, not prepo'sition
pianist, 不是pi'anst. but gui'tarist, and saxo'phoist
police: p-schwa-lice, not p-o-lice. police 的單數是a police force.
PC: police constable (警察也可稱officer/bobby)
post-modifiers= qualifiers
prespective: Seen in perspective通盤地看
partrioitc official 愛國官員
pacificy安撫
pharmacentical 與藥有關
passport, not pass'port.
pair: he has 2 pair of socks. other amount word: dozen, score, hundred, thousand, eg. He has three dozen of pencils. /He has two hundred of apples. 若 加-s, There are dozens /scores/hundreds/thousands of children. Million較特別 , both are ok. eg. He made three million(s) on the stock market. if the amount words are used as adjectives, no -s. eg. He made three million dollars on the stock market.
peril: danger.
Principle: in principle原則上
psychiatrist精神科醫生
practice: 實現. eg. practice medicine. practice Confucian teaching. /He practised a high degree of autonomy.
prove: 原來是. The tool proves very useful.
programme/program (AME) 節目
plunge into:導致
preside (over)作主席
persist持續
prefer A to B/prefer A rather than
propaganda: better words are publicity, promotion, public relations. propaganda is derogatory
produce vs product. produce is collective n. product is count n. eg. Milk, pork and butter are all farm produce/farm product.
prelude: 'prelude
prerequisite:Something necessary to produce a desired result.
預先必要之事物；先決條件。
peripheral:describes something that is not as important as something els
panic: get into a panic.
paranoid 係妄想,可以作ADJ,或N. eg. Don' t be so paranoid
preposition有時可省去. eg. There is no problem (in) trading drink for food. or It is no use (in) going to see him.
participle分詞句子可以係唔同subject. eg.his hair cut short, Tom looked a different man.意
pension退休金
pull oneself together=to become calm and behave normally again after being angry or upset
practiced= very good at doing something because you have a lot of experience of doing it
something which some people are able or allowed to do or have, but which is not possible or allowed for everyone =prerogative
原本；原稿；(外交上之)草約。
2nd :Formal code of etiquette for affairs of state.
外交禮節。
patent:The official paper granting this right.
專利狀；專利證。
promulgate:To make known to the public formally and officially; proclaim.
公布；宣佈。
例句： The king promulgated a decree.
國王頒佈一項命令。
provision:A condition, requirement, etc.
條款；規定。
proceeding:1.The course of action in a law case.
[~s] 訴訟程序。
例句： legal proceedings
訴訟。
2.The records of the business accomplished at formal meetings.
議事錄；會議記錄。
participle modifiers:Participial modifiers sometimes are intended to describe the attitude or mood of the speaker, even when the speaker is not part of the sentence. Some such modifiers are standard and are not considered dangling modifiers —— "speaking of [topic], "or "trusting that this will put things into perspective", for example, is commonly used as a transition from one topic to a related one, or adding a conclusion to a speech.
However, in a sentence such as "fuming, she left the room," "fuming" can mean only one thing: it must modify "she."
office, position, post, situation, or job have similiar but different meanings
pathogenic
pandemic: 傳染病
preposition, not prepo'sition
pianist, 不是pi'anst. but gui'tarist, and saxo'phoist
police: p-schwa-lice, not p-o-lice. police 的單數是a police force.
PC: police constable (警察也可稱officer/bobby)
post-modifiers= qualifiers
prespective: Seen in perspective通盤地看
partrioitc official 愛國官員
pacificy安撫
pharmacentical 與藥有關
passport, not pass'port.
pair: he has 2 pair of socks. other amount word: dozen, score, hundred, thousand, eg. He has three dozen of pencils. /He has two hundred of apples. 若 加-s, There are dozens /scores/hundreds/thousands of children. Million較特別 , both are ok. eg. He made three million(s) on the stock market. if the amount words are used as adjectives, no -s. eg. He made three million dollars on the stock market.
peril: danger.
Principle: in principle原則上
psychiatrist精神科醫生
practice: 實現. eg. practice medicine. practice Confucian teaching. /He practised a high degree of autonomy.
prove: 原來是. The tool proves very useful.
programme/program (AME) 節目
plunge into:導致
preside (over)作主席
persist持續
prefer A to B/prefer A rather than
propaganda: better words are publicity, promotion, public relations. propaganda is derogatory
produce vs product. produce is collective n. product is count n. eg. Milk, pork and butter are all farm produce/farm product.
prelude: 'prelude
prerequisite:Something necessary to produce a desired result.
預先必要之事物；先決條件。
peripheral:describes something that is not as important as something els
panic: get into a panic.
paranoid 係妄想,可以作ADJ,或N. eg. Don' t be so paranoid
preposition有時可省去. eg. There is no problem (in) trading drink for food. or It is no use (in) going to see him.
participle分詞句子可以係唔同subject. eg.his hair cut short, Tom looked a different man.意
pension退休金
pull oneself together=to become calm and behave normally again after being angry or upset
practiced= very good at doing something because you have a lot of experience of doing it
something which some people are able or allowed to do or have, but which is not possible or allowed for everyone =prerogative
grammar-M
move:To put before a meeting for a vote.
動議；提議。
motion:A formal proposal made in a meeting.
動議；提議
mandate:An authorization to act given to a representative.
(選民對選出的代表，議會等的)授權。
mind your p's and q's
more: i cannot agree more. you cannot be over /too careful. 用NEGATIVE講POSITIVE
mainland. on the mainland 不是 in the mainland.
may not=mayn't but rarely used
multi-racial
municipality 自治市
mosque /mosk/ : islamic temple
malevolent: causing harm or evil.
menace /menis/ : threat
meritocracy: a social system in which people have power because of their abilities.
make merry歡騰
matrimonial togetherness 白頭到老
not to mention= as well as . e.g he has a, b, not to mention c.
must needs, or needs must偏要做些不智的事
make: to be e.g. Birds make god pets. / she will make a good teacher.
methodically有條理地
mandate: the real power
minutes中的WILL成為WOULD, 無論件事記MINUTE個時發生左未
modifier:In grammar, a modifier (or qualifier) is a word or sentence element that describes and provides more accurate definitional meaning for another word, a phrase, or a clause. In English, there are two kinds of modifiers: adjectives, which modify nouns and pronouns, and adverbs, which modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. A modifier phrase is a phrase that acts as a modifier; English has adjective phrases and adverb phrases. Neither modifiers nor modifier phrases are usually required by a clause's syntax; they are optional, and help clarify or limit the extent of the meaning of the word or phrase they modify.
The adjective "green" in the phrase "a green tree" modifies "tree", and thus limits its meaning in that it cannot be, say, a deciduous tree in winter. In the same way, the adverb "kindly" modifies the past tense of the verb "let" in "she kindly let me borrow her scissors". An adverb may also modify an adjective, such as in "abjectly poor".
A premodifier is a modifier placed before the head (the modified component). A postmodifier is a modifier placed after the head. Example: "land (pre-modifier) mines in wartime (post-modifier)".
Adverbial clauses (or particle phrases) such as "of course", "as it were", etc., commenting on the rest of the sentence or what has gone before in a previous sentence, may also be classed as modifiers, as in "Of course, he was never one to be silent" or "Unfortunately, we arrived late." Understanding adverbial clauses and how they function in discourse is often very useful in interpreting subtle layers of meaning.
Another way of defining a modifier is that it, the adjective or adverb, is dependent on the part of the sentence it modifies, namely the noun or verb. Nouns and verbs are obligatory elements in that a complete sentence requires, minimally, a subject and a verb. Adjectives and adverbs, on the other hand, are optional elements. We can say, for example, "Dogs growl" (noun + verb) or "Big dogs growl loudly" (adjective + noun + verb + adverb). Either is a grammatical sentence, because the adjective and adverb are not essential in forming a complete sentence, whereas the noun and verb are.
In compound nouns, the first of the two words so combined functions as a modifier, such as "elementary" in "elementary school", "mountain" in "mountain bike", etc.
a man of letters 文人
at most最多
memoir [memwa]
feel your mortality覺得人生苦短
grammar-n
noteworthy: 值得注意的
nuance細微差異
needless to say 不是好英文, 用naturally or As may be respected
number: If placed the first word in a sentence, it should be in alabraic number.
english name is not the name in english. the former is louis, the latter is liu kong sum
no: 可用單數或雙數
有營養可以係nutritious, nutrient, nutritive; 而nutriments 解營養物,而nutrition解營養
news headline的寫法係1. 無咗article, auxiliary verb and be 2. use present tense instead of past tense.
no matter後要有WH-word, eg. no matter whether...
nuance細微差異
needless to say 不是好英文, 用naturally or As may be respected
number: If placed the first word in a sentence, it should be in alabraic number.
english name is not the name in english. the former is louis, the latter is liu kong sum
no: 可用單數或雙數
有營養可以係nutritious, nutrient, nutritive; 而nutriments 解營養物,而nutrition解營養
news headline的寫法係1. 無咗article, auxiliary verb and be 2. use present tense instead of past tense.
no matter後要有WH-word, eg. no matter whether...
grammar_K
kind of or sort of : of is weak form. it can be put anywhere in a sentence. it is oral english. not an idiom
kind: a lot of possible usage. we can say i have two kinds of solutions. or solution. we can also say these or those kind of ....we can also say apples of this kind/sort/type.
know: he knows how to swim , not swimming./ know means understand. e.g. he knows to water the plants.
knot: undo..the knot
keep up:
to continue without stopping or changing, or to continue something without allowing it to stop or change
Keep up the good work!
He does not know a thing= he does not know anything
grammar-I
invalidate:To weaken or destroy the force or authority of.
使失去效力。
indirect speech: the past tense can be kept. (see michael swan: practical english usage)
idiom 查<<綜合英語成語詞典>> (福建人民出版社)
incorruptibility
impose 實施
inconceivable 難以實施的
indispensable 不可或缺的
in terms of
injured not euqal to wounded .eg. He was wounded in the war. but injured in the accident. wounded is more serious.
imminent 迫在眉睫的
if: if you would excuse me. Ok因為 if clause有 條件句 PROTASIS和結論句PODOSIS
of the impressions that
insight can be count or uncount. count, it means good opinions.e.g full of insights. but uncount means the wisdom of looking things deeply. eg. a man of great insight
indigenous people is the better word for natives
infectious = easily to infect
inquest聆訊
unimaginative is not equal to unimaginable. the first one means not creative. the second word means hard to accept
instance 要求
intransitive, not in'trasitive
incumbent: The holder of an office.
任職者。
例句： the incumbent mayor
現任的市長。
inversion: 倒裝句的SUBJECT要係NOUN,不能是PRONOUN. eg. On the floor lay a cat. XOn the floor lay it.
indirect speech:如果仲未發生,咁可以用Will. eg. Mr Lee told me yesterday he will return the book to you in a week. 當然可以用WOULD. 但WILL比WOULD更肯定.
indirect speech中的NOW不一定要轉, 因為NOW可以解THEN.
inversion: 倒裝句用於兩個情況, 一係用-ve words開頭, eg. Never have I seen such thing. others: seldom, rarely, hardly, no sooner, in no circumstances. 一係用表示方向,位置的字眼, eg. here, there, up, down, inside, outside. eg. There stood the soldier. 但不可說There stood he.
-ics: 學科, 通常是單數. eg. Mathematics is his speciality. 但若有pronoun. 如his, the,etc, 咁就當複數.eg. his mathematics are poor.
split infinitive無問題. eg to really understand it.
inflict that kind of pain
使失去效力。
indirect speech: the past tense can be kept. (see michael swan: practical english usage)
idiom 查<<綜合英語成語詞典>> (福建人民出版社)
incorruptibility
impose 實施
inconceivable 難以實施的
indispensable 不可或缺的
in terms of
injured not euqal to wounded .eg. He was wounded in the war. but injured in the accident. wounded is more serious.
imminent 迫在眉睫的
if: if you would excuse me. Ok因為 if clause有 條件句 PROTASIS和結論句PODOSIS
of the impressions that
insight can be count or uncount. count, it means good opinions.e.g full of insights. but uncount means the wisdom of looking things deeply. eg. a man of great insight
indigenous people is the better word for natives
infectious = easily to infect
inquest聆訊
unimaginative is not equal to unimaginable. the first one means not creative. the second word means hard to accept
instance 要求
intransitive, not in'trasitive
incumbent: The holder of an office.
任職者。
例句： the incumbent mayor
現任的市長。
inversion: 倒裝句的SUBJECT要係NOUN,不能是PRONOUN. eg. On the floor lay a cat. XOn the floor lay it.
indirect speech:如果仲未發生,咁可以用Will. eg. Mr Lee told me yesterday he will return the book to you in a week. 當然可以用WOULD. 但WILL比WOULD更肯定.
indirect speech中的NOW不一定要轉, 因為NOW可以解THEN.
inversion: 倒裝句用於兩個情況, 一係用-ve words開頭, eg. Never have I seen such thing. others: seldom, rarely, hardly, no sooner, in no circumstances. 一係用表示方向,位置的字眼, eg. here, there, up, down, inside, outside. eg. There stood the soldier. 但不可說There stood he.
-ics: 學科, 通常是單數. eg. Mathematics is his speciality. 但若有pronoun. 如his, the,etc, 咁就當複數.eg. his mathematics are poor.
split infinitive無問題. eg to really understand it.
inflict that kind of pain
Grammar-F
formality: put out vs extinguisuh the fire. abolish or do away with tax. Formal english is used in notice, report, speech, news report, while less formal english is used in conversation, entertainment program and personal letters.
fish is a plural n. the plural form can be fish or fishes.when it means "the meat of fish", it is uncount n.
find: it means to be a situation at a time. e.g. I find he walking in the garden. China finds itself engulfed in a serious political crisis.
family: can mean sons and daughters. e.g. He has no family=he has no sons or daughters.
family: extended family =big family
fear: for fear of... or for fear that 以防
fight the outbreak= to use a lot of effort to defeat or achieve something, or to stop something happening:outbreak, disease, crime
fortune: the 2nd syllable can be weak form or u: sound
finish: I am finished can mean "I have finished ..." or "I am dead."
following: adj. so, the following, but not the followings
fail: it is better to say I fail in the exam, but we can also say " I fail the exam."
family: 李氏家庭係 the Lee family, not the Lee's family
full-stop: for p.m. , full-stop is not needed; for ..., full-stop is needed. e.g. I buy apples, bananas, grapes....
fruit: count n. if it means different kinds of fruits, but generally it is uncount n.
fortune teller: someone who tells a fortune
fatalistic: He has a fatalistic attitude to love.
friendly: adj. so, he said friendly is wrong, which should be he said in a friendly way
for: the most correct sentence is I have had the disease for 2 years, but we can say "I have the disease 2 years".
feel like: there are 2 meanings. 1st: 想．I feel like eating icecream. 2nd: ２感覺像是：I feel like I am on the beach.
on a first-come-first-served basis先到先得
findings:1st-Discovery; something found.
(常用複數)發現；發現物。
2nd- The verdict of a jury, or court.
(常用複數)【法律】(陪審團或法庭的)判決。
fragmentation: eg. Because it is popular.
frist 可作adv. eg. He arrived first.
fell指擊倒, 過去式為felled
forewarn=to tell someone that something unpleasant is going to happen
forewarned is forearmed=said to mean that if you know about something before it happens, you can be prepared for it
fish is a plural n. the plural form can be fish or fishes.when it means "the meat of fish", it is uncount n.
find: it means to be a situation at a time. e.g. I find he walking in the garden. China finds itself engulfed in a serious political crisis.
family: can mean sons and daughters. e.g. He has no family=he has no sons or daughters.
family: extended family =big family
fear: for fear of... or for fear that 以防
fight the outbreak= to use a lot of effort to defeat or achieve something, or to stop something happening:outbreak, disease, crime
fortune: the 2nd syllable can be weak form or u: sound
finish: I am finished can mean "I have finished ..." or "I am dead."
following: adj. so, the following, but not the followings
fail: it is better to say I fail in the exam, but we can also say " I fail the exam."
family: 李氏家庭係 the Lee family, not the Lee's family
full-stop: for p.m. , full-stop is not needed; for ..., full-stop is needed. e.g. I buy apples, bananas, grapes....
fruit: count n. if it means different kinds of fruits, but generally it is uncount n.
fortune teller: someone who tells a fortune
fatalistic: He has a fatalistic attitude to love.
friendly: adj. so, he said friendly is wrong, which should be he said in a friendly way
for: the most correct sentence is I have had the disease for 2 years, but we can say "I have the disease 2 years".
feel like: there are 2 meanings. 1st: 想．I feel like eating icecream. 2nd: ２感覺像是：I feel like I am on the beach.
on a first-come-first-served basis先到先得
findings:1st-Discovery; something found.
(常用複數)發現；發現物。
2nd- The verdict of a jury, or court.
(常用複數)【法律】(陪審團或法庭的)判決。
fragmentation: eg. Because it is popular.
frist 可作adv. eg. He arrived first.
fell指擊倒, 過去式為felled
forewarn=to tell someone that something unpleasant is going to happen
forewarned is forearmed=said to mean that if you know about something before it happens, you can be prepared for it
Grammar-H
To turn or depend, as on a hinge.
依...而定；視...而定。
例句： My future hinges upon the decision of one person.
我的前途全看某一個人的決定。
herald (v.) 預告e.g the principal's speech heralds a new era.
honourable: the Reverand Professor Honorable
hurt, if meant to the body, we say badly, seriously, if emotionally, then deeply, extrememly
horribly =very
historic not equal to historical. historic means very important in the history. but historical means about history
can't help but/ have no choice/helpless無奈
hit hard深受打擊
hospitalised (hospitalise as a verb)
hours =opening hours
hotline : can receive a call
holiday can mean a day or more than 1 day.e.g. I am taking three days' holiday. so, summer holiday or summer holidays are ok
after-hours movie
silent /h/ sound: graham, durham,vehicle. but vehicular 有/h/ sound
hopefully: In the last forty years or so, controversy has arisen over the proper usage of the adverb hopefully.[2] Some grammarians objected when they first encountered constructions such as "Hopefully, the sun will be shining tomorrow." Their complaint stems from the fact that the term "hopefully" dangles, and can be understood to describe either the speaker's state of mind, or the manner in which the sun will shine. It was no longer just an adverb modifying a verb, an adjective or another adverb, but conveniently also one that modified the whole sentence, in order to convey the attitude of the speaker.
Grammatically speaking, "hopefully" used in this way is a sentence adverb (cf. "admittedly", "mercifully", "oddly"). For example, most listeners will interpret "Hopefully, John got home last night" as meaning that the speaker hopes that John arrived home last night, not that John got home last night in a hopeful manner. "Hopefully", used in this way, is thus reminiscent of the German "hoffentlich", which also means "it is to be hoped that...". Sentence adverbs are useful in colloquial speech, which benefits from the concision they permit. Per Bernstein's Miss Thistlebottom's Hobgoblins[3]:
No other word in English expresses that thought. In a single word we can say it is regrettable that (regrettably) or it is fortunate that (fortunately) or it is lucky that (luckily), and it would be comforting if there were such a word as hopably or, as suggested by Follett, hopingly, but there isn't. [...] In this instance nothing is to be lost—the word would not be destroyed in its primary meaning—and a useful, nay necessary term is to be gained.
What had been expressed in lengthy adverbial constructions, such as "it is regrettable that …" or "it is fortunate that …", had of course always been shortened to the adverbs "regrettably" or "fortunately". Bill Bryson says, "... those writers who scrupulously avoid 'hopefully' in such constructions do not hesitate to use at least a dozen other words—'apparently', 'presumably', 'happily', 'sadly', 'mercifully', 'thankfully', and so on—in precisely the same way".[4] What has changed, however, in the controversy over "hopefully" being used for "he was hoping that ...", or "she was full of hope that ...", is that the original clause was transferred from the speaker, as a kind of shorthand to the subject itself, as though "it" had expressed the hope. ("Hopefully, the sun will be shining".) Although this still expressed the speaker's hope "that the sun will be shining" it may have caused a certain disorientation as to who was expressing what when it first appeared. As time passes, this controversy will fade as the usage becomes increasingly accepted, especially since such adverbs as "mercifully", "gratefully", and "thankfully" are similarly used.
Merriam-Webster gives a usage note on its entry for "hopefully" in which the editors point out that the disjunct sense of the word dates to the early 18th century and had been in widespread use since at least the 1930s. Objection to this sense of the word, they state, only became widespread in the 1960s. The editors maintain that this usage is "entirely standard".[5]
Yet the choice of "regrettably" above as a counterexample points out an additional problem. At the time that objection to "hopefully" became publicized, grammar books relentlessly pointed out the distinction between "regrettably" and "regretfully". The latter is not to be used as a sentence adverb, it must refer to the subject of the sentence; its misuse produces more deplorable results than "hopefully", and may have furthered disdain for the latter. No one added the counterpart *hopeably to the language.
hooligans: 搞事球迷
he who: this is a traditional saying. eg. from bible: he who humbeles himself shall be exalted.
had better為何不是have better. 因為had better係講啲未發生的事, 係假設性.
big heart慷慨大方(n), big-hearted is the adj
hear 和hear of 的分別: hear 是聽到, hear of 是獲悉
hooked up with[ really special guys]
依...而定；視...而定。
例句： My future hinges upon the decision of one person.
我的前途全看某一個人的決定。
herald (v.) 預告e.g the principal's speech heralds a new era.
honourable: the Reverand Professor Honorable
hurt, if meant to the body, we say badly, seriously, if emotionally, then deeply, extrememly
horribly =very
historic not equal to historical. historic means very important in the history. but historical means about history
can't help but/ have no choice/helpless無奈
hit hard深受打擊
hospitalised (hospitalise as a verb)
hours =opening hours
hotline : can receive a call
holiday can mean a day or more than 1 day.e.g. I am taking three days' holiday. so, summer holiday or summer holidays are ok
after-hours movie
silent /h/ sound: graham, durham,vehicle. but vehicular 有/h/ sound
hopefully: In the last forty years or so, controversy has arisen over the proper usage of the adverb hopefully.[2] Some grammarians objected when they first encountered constructions such as "Hopefully, the sun will be shining tomorrow." Their complaint stems from the fact that the term "hopefully" dangles, and can be understood to describe either the speaker's state of mind, or the manner in which the sun will shine. It was no longer just an adverb modifying a verb, an adjective or another adverb, but conveniently also one that modified the whole sentence, in order to convey the attitude of the speaker.
Grammatically speaking, "hopefully" used in this way is a sentence adverb (cf. "admittedly", "mercifully", "oddly"). For example, most listeners will interpret "Hopefully, John got home last night" as meaning that the speaker hopes that John arrived home last night, not that John got home last night in a hopeful manner. "Hopefully", used in this way, is thus reminiscent of the German "hoffentlich", which also means "it is to be hoped that...". Sentence adverbs are useful in colloquial speech, which benefits from the concision they permit. Per Bernstein's Miss Thistlebottom's Hobgoblins[3]:
No other word in English expresses that thought. In a single word we can say it is regrettable that (regrettably) or it is fortunate that (fortunately) or it is lucky that (luckily), and it would be comforting if there were such a word as hopably or, as suggested by Follett, hopingly, but there isn't. [...] In this instance nothing is to be lost—the word would not be destroyed in its primary meaning—and a useful, nay necessary term is to be gained.
What had been expressed in lengthy adverbial constructions, such as "it is regrettable that …" or "it is fortunate that …", had of course always been shortened to the adverbs "regrettably" or "fortunately". Bill Bryson says, "... those writers who scrupulously avoid 'hopefully' in such constructions do not hesitate to use at least a dozen other words—'apparently', 'presumably', 'happily', 'sadly', 'mercifully', 'thankfully', and so on—in precisely the same way".[4] What has changed, however, in the controversy over "hopefully" being used for "he was hoping that ...", or "she was full of hope that ...", is that the original clause was transferred from the speaker, as a kind of shorthand to the subject itself, as though "it" had expressed the hope. ("Hopefully, the sun will be shining".) Although this still expressed the speaker's hope "that the sun will be shining" it may have caused a certain disorientation as to who was expressing what when it first appeared. As time passes, this controversy will fade as the usage becomes increasingly accepted, especially since such adverbs as "mercifully", "gratefully", and "thankfully" are similarly used.
Merriam-Webster gives a usage note on its entry for "hopefully" in which the editors point out that the disjunct sense of the word dates to the early 18th century and had been in widespread use since at least the 1930s. Objection to this sense of the word, they state, only became widespread in the 1960s. The editors maintain that this usage is "entirely standard".[5]
Yet the choice of "regrettably" above as a counterexample points out an additional problem. At the time that objection to "hopefully" became publicized, grammar books relentlessly pointed out the distinction between "regrettably" and "regretfully". The latter is not to be used as a sentence adverb, it must refer to the subject of the sentence; its misuse produces more deplorable results than "hopefully", and may have furthered disdain for the latter. No one added the counterpart *hopeably to the language.
hooligans: 搞事球迷
he who: this is a traditional saying. eg. from bible: he who humbeles himself shall be exalted.
had better為何不是have better. 因為had better係講啲未發生的事, 係假設性.
big heart慷慨大方(n), big-hearted is the adj
hear 和hear of 的分別: hear 是聽到, hear of 是獲悉
hooked up with[ really special guys]
grammar-D
teadamage is an uncount noun, like "technology". but different kinds of damages . Damage can also mean the money paid for damages.
do: love me do, = love me, do love me.
dichotomy: 1st split, divisioin, diference in opinion. 2nd discrepancy
dangel: to hang loosely
devotee信徒
doubtless = without doubt
in the distance: not far away
dictate: the teacher dictates =the teacher asks students to write the things he says
drill : not practice
dinner may not be the same as supper. dinner means the most important meal on that day, but supper is the food taken in the evening
diciplined vs disciplinary: police are the disciplined forces, but organisations have their disciplinary committee
dissemination : information dissemination
display: courage
dereliction:Neglect; omission, as of obligation or duty.
疏忽；怠職。
devise: To imagine; scheme; contrive; concoct.
想出；策畫；籌畫；圖謀。
例句： He tried to devise a foolproof plan for getting rid of termites.
他試著設計一種萬無一失的驅除白蟻的方法。
Dangling modifier:In grammar, a dangling modifier (also called a dangling participle)attaches itself to a word different from the one the writer apparently meant. It may be intended to modify the subject of a sentence, but due to word order seems to modify an object instead. e.g . Walking down Main Street (no subject), the trees were beautiful.
古德明推介陸谷孫的<英華大詞典>. 雖有抄襲成份, 但例句和字彙夠多.
Washington, DC 的DC解district of columbia
Department前要加the
divorced=married in the past but not now married
do: love me do, = love me, do love me.
dichotomy: 1st split, divisioin, diference in opinion. 2nd discrepancy
dangel: to hang loosely
devotee信徒
doubtless = without doubt
in the distance: not far away
dictate: the teacher dictates =the teacher asks students to write the things he says
drill : not practice
dinner may not be the same as supper. dinner means the most important meal on that day, but supper is the food taken in the evening
diciplined vs disciplinary: police are the disciplined forces, but organisations have their disciplinary committee
dissemination : information dissemination
display: courage
dereliction:Neglect; omission, as of obligation or duty.
疏忽；怠職。
devise: To imagine; scheme; contrive; concoct.
想出；策畫；籌畫；圖謀。
例句： He tried to devise a foolproof plan for getting rid of termites.
他試著設計一種萬無一失的驅除白蟻的方法。
Dangling modifier:In grammar, a dangling modifier (also called a dangling participle)attaches itself to a word different from the one the writer apparently meant. It may be intended to modify the subject of a sentence, but due to word order seems to modify an object instead. e.g . Walking down Main Street (no subject), the trees were beautiful.
古德明推介陸谷孫的<英華大詞典>. 雖有抄襲成份, 但例句和字彙夠多.
Washington, DC 的DC解district of columbia
Department前要加the
divorced=married in the past but not now married
grammar-E
ellipical construction: 1. and: His father and (his )mother 2. subject:He ate it and vomited. 3. main verb: he liked the computer and the printer. 4. auxililary v.: the computer is bought and sold. 5. if not: He is coming. If (he is) not (coming), I will kill him. 6. relative pronoun: I know the man (whom) you mentioned. 7. relative pronoun and the verb: the man (that was ) murdered is about twenty. 8. preposition: he looked at the man and the bird.
emphasis: the english teacher empasize grammar. xthe english teacher puts emphasis on grammar.
exquisite 絕妙
emsemble 團(音樂)
Eurasian新加坡一種歐洲加中國的人種
elixir: a liquid with a magic power to cure
epoch-making 劃時代
en cy clo pe dia
entitled: given the right. eg. i feel entitled to know about the 4th june issue.
earth: on Earth 地球上 , in earth 土地中
euphoria 幸福感
eat breakfast, lunch and dinner: ok
education: if preceded by an adj, it cound be a count n. e.g. He has a good education. xhe has a education. [c.f. we heard a good piece of news. xwe heard a good news.]
especially vs specially: 尤其係VS專門
ever : can be for present, past or future tense
enter: enter into means 談及/開始
endorse:To express approval of publicly and definitely.
贊同；支持。
exercise:To employ actively.
運用。
例句： He exercises care in crossing the street.
他小心謹慎的過街。
A person should exercise his right as a citizen by voting.
人人應投票以行使公民權
epithet:An adjective or other descriptive word or phrase qualifying or used in place of the usual name of a person or thing.
附於本名上的形容語。
effort: [ C or U ] physical or mental activity needed to achieve something
ellipis:省略法. We enclose a formal agreement for a period of three years terminable on either side wit three months' notice, the agreement to be revised at expiry. 中後面個句係用左省略法. (完整句子係..., and the agreement is to be revised at expiry.)
又係ellipis. he drink more water than (that which) is good for health. or more people suffer from mental disorders than (it) is generally supposed. or I want to speak today in more personal terms than (it) is customary.
etc. 等等=et cetera= and others of the same kind. 係formal的文體裡, 可用 and so on, and so forth, and the like.
effect可作動詞. 但解作: 引起...eg. The negotiation effected nothing. or "effect a change"
excel at/in = is good at
on end不斷地
emphasis: the english teacher empasize grammar. xthe english teacher puts emphasis on grammar.
exquisite 絕妙
emsemble 團(音樂)
Eurasian新加坡一種歐洲加中國的人種
elixir: a liquid with a magic power to cure
epoch-making 劃時代
en cy clo pe dia
entitled: given the right. eg. i feel entitled to know about the 4th june issue.
earth: on Earth 地球上 , in earth 土地中
euphoria 幸福感
eat breakfast, lunch and dinner: ok
education: if preceded by an adj, it cound be a count n. e.g. He has a good education. xhe has a education. [c.f. we heard a good piece of news. xwe heard a good news.]
especially vs specially: 尤其係VS專門
ever : can be for present, past or future tense
enter: enter into means 談及/開始
endorse:To express approval of publicly and definitely.
贊同；支持。
exercise:To employ actively.
運用。
例句： He exercises care in crossing the street.
他小心謹慎的過街。
A person should exercise his right as a citizen by voting.
人人應投票以行使公民權
epithet:An adjective or other descriptive word or phrase qualifying or used in place of the usual name of a person or thing.
附於本名上的形容語。
effort: [ C or U ] physical or mental activity needed to achieve something
ellipis:省略法. We enclose a formal agreement for a period of three years terminable on either side wit three months' notice, the agreement to be revised at expiry. 中後面個句係用左省略法. (完整句子係..., and the agreement is to be revised at expiry.)
又係ellipis. he drink more water than (that which) is good for health. or more people suffer from mental disorders than (it) is generally supposed. or I want to speak today in more personal terms than (it) is customary.
etc. 等等=et cetera= and others of the same kind. 係formal的文體裡, 可用 and so on, and so forth, and the like.
effect可作動詞. 但解作: 引起...eg. The negotiation effected nothing. or "effect a change"
excel at/in = is good at
on end不斷地
grammar-A
As of: As of 和 as from都解 "直至"或 "由...開始", 但公文味較重. eg, as of july 1, 1997, we had 23 branches in Hong Kong Island.
Americanism is the American English. eg. teenager, paperback, boom, slump
as vs when: 1st-as is used for longer action. Eg. As/when I was reading, he shouted. C.f. When (X as) he shouted, I was reading. 2nd: as is used to mean "two actions happening at the same time". e.g. As times goes on, they find life hard.
Americanism is the American English. eg. teenager, paperback, boom, slump
as vs when: 1st-as is used for longer action. Eg. As/when I was reading, he shouted. C.f. When (X as) he shouted, I was reading. 2nd: as is used to mean "two actions happening at the same time". e.g. As times goes on, they find life hard.
approval: followed by to-inf. e.g. We received their approval to play basketball.
authenticate: to prove sth is real or symbolise.
addtion: newly added thing. e.g. baby.
alike: 1st: in a similar way. e.g. The twins dress alike. 2nd: used after referring to 2 groups of things to show both groups are included. e.g. Friends and family alike were devastated by the news.
as yet: to now. e.g. an as yet unpublished document.
antiquities: ancient things
academia: the academic circle.
non-assertive words: not, seldom, hardly, never, refuse, only, etc., which have -ve sense. e.g. I don't like him much. BUT: X I like hime much. ONLY: I like him very much.
at : near
around: round in some situations
author recommened: 1. George Orwell 2. John Hersey 3. Graham Greene 4. Angus Wilson
adverbs: can be put in any position in a sentence.
as if/though: 1st: subjuctive mood. e.g. He looks as if he were tired. 2nd: to inf. e.g. He opened his hands as if to embrace. 3rd: present tense. e.g. It looks as if it is going to rain.
appreciate: followed by thing, not people. e.g. Students should appreciate the teachers' efforts, X students should appreciate the teachers. Also, don't say I will appreciate it if you reply soon, but say I will appreciate it if you reply soon.
Accord: pronounced as ACcord, not acCORD.
abet=To encourage; aid or assist, esp. in an act of a criminal nature
accord (v.):To give; grant.
給與；贈予；授與。
例句： They accorded a welcome to us.
他們給予我們熱烈的歡迎。
aggrieved: Wronged; offended.
受冤屈的；憤憤不平的。
Troubled; distressed.
困擾的；憂慮的。
accustomed to can be followed by gerund, noun or infinite
Adjunct： In linguistics, an adjunct is a syntactic term used to describe a word, phrase, or clause joined to another word or phrase, yet not syntactically required by that word or phrase. Adverbial adjuncts modify a verb or verb phrase and adnominal adjuncts modify a noun or noun phrase.
An adverbial adjunct is a sentence element that usually establishes the circumstances in which the action or state expressed by the verb take place.
The following sentence uses adjuncts of time and place:
Yesterday Lorna saw the dog in the garden.
This definition can be extended to include adjuncts that modify nouns or other parts of speech (see noun adjunct):
The large dog in the garden is very friendly.
Adjuncts are always extranuclear; that is, removing an adjunct leaves a grammatically well-formed sentence. However optional complements are also often removable, so not all removable elements are adjuncts. They are contrasted with complements, which are elements directly selected by another element. All adverbials are adjuncts.
allay : To quiet or calm; assuage; pacify.
鎮靜；平靜；和緩。
例句： The mother allayed her son's wrath.
母親平息了他兒子的憤怒。
adjective: complement+ adverbial e.g.
And: 古德明說可以用And開頭.
agreement: 把一些東西當做一件事: There is bread and butter for the breakfast. or 當做一個數額: eg . There is only five hundred dollars in my account. or將單數名詞分別考慮: we have 4 applicants. There is Peter , mary and Paul.
adverbial: prone to errors.
afternoon: we say "in the afternoon on 16 November" or "on the afternoon of 16 November"
ad nauseam係拉丁文. 解令人作嘔的地步=to the point of nausea
aim: 不要說 the concert is aimed at raising people's awareness. 要說 the concert aims at raising people's awareness. 係主動.
animal: 單數和雙數串法一樣. eg. deer, sheep, cod, salmon,若指不同種類,咁就可以加-s, or -es
about/around: 大約也可以加-ish. eg. about three, around three, threeish(三點鐘左右)
and 可用來作conditional sentences. eg. If you work hard, you will succeed. 可作 Work hard, and you will succeed.也可用現在式, eg. Chang that word, and you spoil the article. 而個condition也可用noun phrase, eg. One step further, and you are dead. / Another defeat, and you are out.
adjective 次序: 1. number, 2 size, 3. nature, 4. age, 5. shape, 6. color, 7. material 8. nationality 9. function
awhile is adverb. many noun becomes adverbs when they are added a-. eg. afoot=on foot. no prepositions before the adverb
assist ...in +ing 或 to+infinitive 都OK. assist大致上跟help 用法一樣.
I've always told you...我一早話
Grammar-B
愛是無涯: Love knows no bounds.
bring: not same as take. Bring is toward the speaker, while take is away from the speaker. e.g. The teacher said, Bring the book to the class, but said, take the food away.
both: followed by and, not as well as.
british english vs american english: 1st: brit- our amer-or. eg. colour vs color. 2nd: brit-ae- /aeo-. amer-e. e.g. aesthetics vs esthetic , or archaeology vs archeology. 3rd: brit-re amer-er. e.g metre vs meter. litre vs liter. 4th: brit-ce amer-se. e.g. defence vs defense. 5th: brit-plough, cheque, storey, programme vs amer-plow, check, story, program
big and large have the same meaning, but A. big also means: 1. grown up. e.g. Now he is big. He goes to school. 2. important. Hong Kong is a big city. B. Large can be for number. e.g. 1 million is a large number. X...a big number.
basket is not equal to basketful. e.g. 2 baskets of vegetable, but 2 basketfuls of sand.
blameworthy =having done sth wrong
in bed, not on bed.
a loaf of bread is a long stick of bread. a slice of bread is a piece of bread.
blow = bad event
boundless= without limit
1. I choose him between him and you. X I choose him between he and you. 2. Who do you like? Me. 3. Who did that? Me/ I did.
bedroom: 讀到-dr- 音 (linking)
briefing:A concise summary; a brief report.
摘要；簡報
but: nothing but vs anything but. nothing but 只是. anything but 除了.
born of 出生於.eg. She was born of a poor parents.也指出於 eg. Such customs were born of superstition.
bar means 除了, eg. All the children were there, bar Peter.bar none 是成語, 指亳不例外
blind , venetian blind 百葉簾
bitch (short i)
broach=to begin a discussion of something difficult
breast augmentation =隆乳
bring: not same as take. Bring is toward the speaker, while take is away from the speaker. e.g. The teacher said, Bring the book to the class, but said, take the food away.
both: followed by and, not as well as.
british english vs american english: 1st: brit- our amer-or. eg. colour vs color. 2nd: brit-ae- /aeo-. amer-e. e.g. aesthetics vs esthetic , or archaeology vs archeology. 3rd: brit-re amer-er. e.g metre vs meter. litre vs liter. 4th: brit-ce amer-se. e.g. defence vs defense. 5th: brit-plough, cheque, storey, programme vs amer-plow, check, story, program
big and large have the same meaning, but A. big also means: 1. grown up. e.g. Now he is big. He goes to school. 2. important. Hong Kong is a big city. B. Large can be for number. e.g. 1 million is a large number. X...a big number.
basket is not equal to basketful. e.g. 2 baskets of vegetable, but 2 basketfuls of sand.
blameworthy =having done sth wrong
in bed, not on bed.
a loaf of bread is a long stick of bread. a slice of bread is a piece of bread.
blow = bad event
boundless= without limit
1. I choose him between him and you. X I choose him between he and you. 2. Who do you like? Me. 3. Who did that? Me/ I did.
bedroom: 讀到-dr- 音 (linking)
briefing:A concise summary; a brief report.
摘要；簡報
but: nothing but vs anything but. nothing but 只是. anything but 除了.
born of 出生於.eg. She was born of a poor parents.也指出於 eg. Such customs were born of superstition.
bar means 除了, eg. All the children were there, bar Peter.bar none 是成語, 指亳不例外
blind , venetian blind 百葉簾
bitch (short i)
broach=to begin a discussion of something difficult
breast augmentation =隆乳
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