10個S.2應識的文法筆記及練習3: Present perfect vs perfect perfect continuous

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Present Perfect Simple – Present Perfect Progressive

Form

Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of irregular verbs Example: I / you / we / they have spoken he / she / it has spoken regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed Example: I / you / we / they have worked he / she / it has worked	form of 'have' + been + verb + ing   Example: I / you / we / they have been speaking he / she / it has been speaking
Exceptions
Exceptions when adding 'ed' : when the final letter is e, only add d Example: love - loved after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: admit - admitted final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English) Example: travel - travelled after a consonant, final y becomes i (but: not after a vowel) Example: worry - worried but: play - played	Exceptions when adding 'ing' : silent e is dropped. (but: does not apply for -ee) Example: come - coming aber: agree - agreeing after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: sit - sitting after a vowel, the final consonant l is doubled in British English (but not in American English). Example: travel - travelling final ie becomes y. Example: lie - lying

See also explanations on Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Progressive

Use

Both tenses are used to express that an action began in the past and is still going on or has just finished. In many cases, both forms are correct, but there is often a difference in meaning: We use the Present Perfect Simple mainly to express that an action is completed or to emphasise the result. We use the Present Perfect Progressive to emphasise the duration or continuous course of an action.

Result or duration?

Do you want to express what has happened so far or how long an action has been going on yet?

Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
Result (what / how much / how often) I have written 5 letters. / I have been to London twice.	Duration (how long) I have been writing for an hour.

Certain verbs

The following verbs are usually only used in Present Perfect Simple (not in the progressive form).

• state: be, have (for possession only)
  Example: We have been on holiday for two weeks.
• senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch
  Example: He has touched the painting.
• brain work: believe, know, think, understand
  Example: I have known him for 3 years.

Emphasis on completion or duration?

Do you want to emphasise the completion of an action or its continuous course (how has somebody spent his time)?

Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
Emphasis on completion I have done my homework. (Meaning: My homework is completed now.)	Emphasis on duration I have been doing my homework. (Meaning: That's how I have spent my time. It does not matter whether the homework is completed now.)

Result or side effect?

Do you want to express that a completed action led to a desired result or that the action had an unwanted side effect?

Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
desired result I have washed the car. (Result: The car is clean now.)	unwanted side effect Why are you so wet? - I have been washing the car. (side effect: I became wet when I was washing the car. It does not matter whether the car is clean now.)

Time + negation: last time or beginning of an action?

In negative sentences: Do you want to express how much time has past since the last time the action took place or since the beginning of the action?

Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
since the last time I haven't played that game for years. (Meaning: It's years ago that I last played that game.)	since the beginning I haven't been playing that game for an hour, only for 10 minutes. (Meaning: It's not even an hour ago that I started to play that game.)

Permanent or temporary?

If an action is still going on and we want to express that it is a permanent situation, we would usually use the Present Perfect Simple. For temporary situations, we would prefer the Present Perfect Progressive. This is not a rule, however, only a tendency.

Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
permanent James has lived in this town for 10 years. (Meaning: He is a permanent resident of this town.)	temporary James has been living here for a year. (Meaning: This situation is only temporary. Maybe he is an exchange student and only here for one or two years.)

Signal words

Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
how often ... times	how long since for

exercise 1

Put the verbs into the correct tense (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive).

1. A: (you / take)  the dog for a walk yet?
2. B: I (work)  all day. I (come / just)  home from work and I (have / not)  the time yet to walk the dog.
3. A: How long (the dog / be)  home alone?
4. B: For about 6 hours. You (walk / not)  the dog for a long time. Don't you want to go?
5. A: Well, I (laze / not)  about all day either, you know. I have a very important meeting tomorrow and I still (finish / not)  my presentation.
6. B: Okay, I will go then. Where (you / put)  collar and leash?
7. A: They are in the kitchen. By the way, (you / eat)  anything yet? If not, could you get us something from the supermarket?

(answer)

1. A: Have you taken the dog for a walk yet?
2. B: I have been working all day. I have just come home from work and I have not had the time yet to walk the dog.
3. A: How long has the dog been home alone?
4. B: For about 6 hours. You have not walked the dog for a long time. Don't you want to go?
5. A: Well, I have not been lazing about all day either, you know. I have a very important meeting tomorrow and I still have not finished my presentation.
6. B: Okay, I will go then. Where have you put collar and leash?
7. A: They are in the kitchen. By the way, have you eaten anything yet? If not, could you get us something from the supermarket?

exercise 2

Test your knowledge on Present Perfect Simple – Present Perfect Progressive. After submitting your answers, you will see how well you have done in the test.

Form

Fill in the correct form (pronoun + verb).

	Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
I / speak
he / write
they / do
you / swim
she / live

Use

When to use which tense?

1. '5 times' is a signal word for ... Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive
2. 'for two hours' is a signal word for ... Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive
3. 'since 9 o'clock' is a signal word for ... Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive

Positive Sentences

Fill in the correct form (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive).

1. I (practise)  the piano for 30 minutes.
2. Bob (run)  10 km.
3. The children (be)  on holiday for six days.
4. The dog (bark)  since midnight.
5. We (miss)  the bus twice this week.

Negative Sentences

Fill in the correct form (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive).

1. You (eat / not)  up yet.
2. He (speak / not)  on the phone for half an hour, just a couple of minutes.
3. They (work / not)  since 5 o'clock. They just started an hour ago.
4. We (know / not)  them for a long time.
5. She (hang / not)  up all the pictures yet.

Questions

Fill in the correct form (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive).

1. How long (wait / she)  for us?
2. How many times (tell / I)  you?
3. How often (clean / you)  the windows this year?
4. How many months (take / you)  piano lessons?
5. (stay / you / ever)  in a castle?

Text

Fill in the correct form (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive).

1. Tom: Hi Ana. I (try)  to ring you several times today. Where (you / be) ?
2. Ana: I (be)  at home all the time. But I (clean)  the house all day, so maybe I didn't hear the phone ring.
3. Tom: (you / clean)  everything now?
4. Ana: No, not yet. I (tidy / not)  up the kitchen yet. But why are you here?
5. Tom: Don't you remember? Jane (invited)  us to her birthday party and we (buy / not)  a present for her yet.
6. Ana: Oh, that's right. (you / find out / already)  what she wants?
7. Tom: Well, she (learn)  Spanish for a year and wants to spend her next holiday in Mexico. Maybe we could get her a guide book.
8. Ana: That's a good idea. There is a good bookshop in the big shopping centre. I (see)  some nice books about Mexico there recently.

(answers:

Form

Fill in the correct form (pronoun + verb).

	Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
I / speak	I have spoken	I have been speaking
he / write	he has written	he has been writing
they / do	they have done	they have been doing
you / swim	you have swum	you have been swimming
she / live	she has lived	she has been living

Use

When to use which tense?

1. '5 times' is a signal word for ... Present Perfect Simple
2. 'for two hours' is a signal word for ... Present Perfect Progressive
3. 'since 9 o'clock' is a signal word for ... Present Perfect Progressive

Positive Sentences

Fill in the correct form (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive).

1. I have been practising the piano for 30 minutes.
2. Bob has run 10 km.
3. The children have been on holiday for six days.
4. The dog has been barking since midnight.
5. We have missed the bus twice this week.

Negative Sentences

Fill in the correct form (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive).

1. You have not eaten up yet.
2. He has not been speaking on the phone for half an hour, just a couple of minutes.
3. They have not been working since 5 o'clock. They just started an hour ago.
4. We have not known them for a long time.
5. She has not hung up all the pictures yet.

Questions

Fill in the correct form (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive).

1. How long has she been waiting for us?
2. How many times have I told you?
3. How often have you cleaned the windows this year?
4. How many months have you been taking piano lessons?
5. Have you ever stayed in a castle?

Text

Fill in the correct form (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive).

1. Tom: Hi Ana. I have tried to ring you several times today. Where have you been ?
2. Ana: I have been at home all the time. But I have been cleaning the house all day, so maybe I didn't hear the phone ring.
3. Tom: Have you cleaned everything now?
4. Ana: No, not yet. I have not tidied up the kitchen yet. But why are you here?
5. Tom: Don't you remember? Jane has invited us to her birthday party and we have not bought a present for her yet.
6. Ana: Oh, that's right. Have you already found out what she wants?
7. Tom: Well, she has been learning Spanish for a year and wants to spend her next holiday in Mexico. Maybe we could get her a guide book.
8. Ana: That's a good idea. There is a good bookshop in the big shopping centre. I have seen some nice books about Mexico there recently.)

exercise 3

Put the verbs into the correct tense (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive).

1. A: I (call)  for you for half an hour. Where (be) ? And why are your clothes so dirty?
2. B: I (tidy)  up the shed in the garden.
3. A: (you / find)  a box with old photos there? I (look)  for it for ages.
4. B: I (discover / not)  it yet, but I (work / not)  for a long time yet. I(come / just)  in to eat something.
5. A: I (cook / not)  anything yet because I (talk)  to our neighbour.

(answers:

Put the verbs into the correct tense (Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Progressive).

1. A: I have been calling for you for half an hour. Where have you been ? And why are your clothes so dirty?
2. B: I have been tidying up the shed in the garden.
3. A: Have you found a box with old photos there? I have been looking for it for ages.
4. B: I have not discovered it yet, but I have not been working for a long time yet. I have just come in to eat something.
5. A: I have not cooked anything yet because I have been talking to our neighbour.)